Design criteria for the RF section of UHF and microwave passive RFID transponders
06 Sep 2005-IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques (IEEE)-Vol. 53, Iss: 9, pp 2978-2990
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of design criteria for the radio-frequency (RF) section of long-range passive RF identification (RFID) transponders operating in the 2.45 GHz or 868-MHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency ranges is derived in particular on the voltage multiplier, the power-matching network, and the backscatter modulation.
Abstract: A set of design criteria for the radio-frequency (RF) section of long-range passive RF identification (RFID) transponders operating in the 2.45-GHz or 868-MHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency ranges is derived in this paper, focusing in particular on the voltage multiplier, the power-matching network, and the backscatter modulation. The paper discusses the design tradeoffs between the error probability at the reader receiver and the converted RF-dc power at the transponder, determining the regions of the design space that allow optimization of the operating range and the data rate of the RFID system.
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TL;DR: An RF-DC power conversion system is designed to efficiently convert far-field RF energy to DC voltages at very low received power and voltages and is ideal for use in passively powered sensor networks.
Abstract: An RF-DC power conversion system is designed to efficiently convert far-field RF energy to DC voltages at very low received power and voltages. Passive rectifier circuits are designed in a 0.25 mum CMOS technology using floating gate transistors as rectifying diodes. The 36-stage rectifier can rectify input voltages as low as 50 mV with a voltage gain of 6.4 and operates with received power as low as 5.5 muW(22.6 dBm). Optimized for far field, the circuit operates at a distance of 44 m from a 4 W EIRP source. The high voltage range achieved at low load current make it ideal for use in passively powered sensor networks.
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TL;DR: A literature review of 85 academic journal papers that were published on the subject between 1995 and 2005 is presented in this article, where the authors organize these studies into four main categories: technological issues, applications, policy and security issues, and other issues.
713 citations
14 Oct 2014
TL;DR: In this article, various ambient energy harvesting technologies (solar, thermal, wireless, and piezoelectric) are reviewed in detail and their applicability in the development of self-sustaining wireless platforms is discussed.
Abstract: In this paper, various ambient energy-harvesting technologies (solar, thermal, wireless, and piezoelectric) are reviewed in detail and their applicability in the development of self-sustaining wireless platforms is discussed. Specifically, far-field low-power-density energy-harvesting technology is thoroughly investigated and a benchmarking prototype of an embedded microcontroller-enabled sensor platform has been successfully powered by an ambient ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) digital TV signal (512-566 MHz) where a broadcasting antenna is 6.3 km away from the proposed wireless energy-harvesting device. A high-efficiency dual-band ambient energy harvester at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz and an energy harvester for on-body application at 460 MHz are also presented to verify the capabilities of ambient UHF/RF energy harvesting as an enabling technology for Internet of Things and smart skins applications.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a method for measuring signal backscattering from RFID tags, and for calculating a tag's radar cross section (RCS) by using an anechoic chamber with and without the tag.
Abstract: This paper presents a method for measuring signal backscattering from RFID tags, and for calculating a tag's radar cross section (RCS). We derive a theoretical formula for the RCS of an RFID tag with a minimum-scattering antenna. We describe an experimental measurement technique, which involves using a network analyzer connected to an anechoic chamber with and without the tag. The return loss measured in this way allows us to calculate the backscattered power and to find the tag's RCS. Measurements were performed using an RFID tag operating in the UHF band. To determine whether the tag was turned on, we used an RFID tag tester. The tag's RCS was also calculated theoretically, using electromagnetic simulation software. The theoretical results were found to be in good agreement with experimental data
499 citations
Cites background from "Design criteria for the RF section ..."
...This threshold and the impedance dependence on the input power are determined by the details of the chip RF front end and the power consumption of the specific chip [19]....
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: A benchmarking prototype of an embedded microcontroller-enabled sensor platform has been successfully powered by an ambient ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) digital TV signal where a broadcasting antenna is 6.3 km away from the proposed wireless energy-harvesting device.
Abstract: In this paper, various ambient energy-harvesting technologies (solar, thermal, wireless, and piezoelectric) are reviewed in detail and their applicability in the development of self-sustaining wireless platforms is discussed. Specifically, far- field low-power-density energy-harvesting technology is thor- oughly investigated and a benchmarking prototype of an embedded microcontroller-enabled sensor platform has been successfully powered by an ambient ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) digital TV signal (512-566 MHz) where a broadcasting antenna is 6.3 km away from the proposed wireless energy-harvesting device. A high-efficiency dual-band ambient energy harvester at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz and an energy harvester for on-body application at 460 MHz are also presented to verify the capa- bilities of ambient UHF/RF energy harvesting as an enabling technology for Internet of Things and smart skins applications.
470 citations
Cites background from "Design criteria for the RF section ..."
...The available amount of power is determined by the size of a solar panel and various values of voltage or current can be generated by adjusting its size....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1970
17,608 citations
TL;DR: The Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas (HOFF-formulas) as mentioned in this paper is the most widely used handbook for mathematical functions with formulas, which includes the following:
Abstract: (1965). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas. Technometrics: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 78-79.
7,538 citations
Book•
23 May 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a standard reference for people working with RFID technology, including electron data carrier architecture and common algorithms for anticollision, and a detailed appendix providing up-to-date information on relevant ISO standards and regulations, including descriptions of ISO 14443 for contactless ticketing and ISO 15693 covering the smartlabel.
Abstract: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is used in all areas of automatic data capture allowing contactless identification of objects using RF. With applications ranging from secure internet payment systems to industrial automation and access control, RFID technology solutions are receiving much attention in the research and development departments of large corporations. RFID is a major growth are in auto ID, allowing emergency vehicles to safely trip traffic signals, and providing the technology behind contactless smart cards, "autopiloting" cars, and production automation. Fully revised and updated to include all the latest information on industry standards and applications, this new edition provides a standard reference for people working with RFID technology.Expanded sections explain exactly how RFID systems work, and provide up-to-date information on the development of new tags such as the smart label. This book provides updated coverage of RFID technologies, including electron data carrier architecture and common algorithms for anticollision. It details the latest RFID applications, such as the smartlabel, e-commerce and the electronic purse, document tracking and e-ticketing. It includes a detailed appendix providing up-to-date information on relevant ISO standards and regulations, including descriptions of ISO 14443 for contactless ticketing and ISO 15693 covering the smartlabel.A leading-edge reference for this rapidly evolving technology, this text is of interest to practitioners in auto ID and IT designing RFID products and end-users of RFID technology, computer and electronics engineers in security system development and microchip designers, automation, industrial and transport engineers and materials handling specialists. It is also a valuable resource for graduate level students in electronics and industrial engineering design.
2,233 citations
"Design criteria for the RF section ..." refers background in this paper
...As a consequence, if the reader’s antenna is perfectly matched, has the expression (36) In the case of PSK modulation, we must have so that the transponder is close to the matching condition, while is modulated with the data signal....
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...The PSK backscattered signal coming from the transponder’s antenna has a carrier frequency equal to the operating frequency of the RFID system and a phase, which belongs to a group of two values symmetric with respect to zero and with an absolute value given by (37)....
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...In order to compare the performances of the ASK and PSK backscatter modulation, we can calculate for the ASK modulation, assuming to use a coherent receiver, perfectly equal to the one that will be used for PSK modulation (to be discussed later) except for the detector threshold....
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...Following the reasoning used for the ASK modulation, the power is given by (40) In order to compare the performance of ASK and PSK modulation [2], we can plot in Fig....
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...The most common codes, such as Manchester, unipolar RZ coding, differential bi-phase (DBP), and Miller coding, verify such a condition [1]....
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TL;DR: A novel fully integrated passive transponder IC with 4.5- or 9.25-m reading distance at 500-mW ERP or 4-W EIRP base-station transmit power, operating in the 868/915-MHz ISM band with an antenna gain less than -0.5 dB.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel fully integrated passive transponder IC with 4.5- or 9.25-m reading distance at 500-mW ERP or 4-W EIRP base-station transmit power, respectively, operating in the 868/915-MHz ISM band with an antenna gain less than -0.5 dB. Apart from the printed antenna, there are no external components. The IC is implemented in a 0.5-/spl mu/m digital two-poly two-metal digital CMOS technology with EEPROM and Schottky diodes. The IC's power supply is taken from the energy of the received RF electromagnetic field with help of a Schottky diode voltage multiplier. The IC includes dc power supply generation, phase shift keying backscatter modulator, pulse width modulation demodulator, EEPROM, and logic circuitry including some finite state machines handling the protocol used for wireless write and read access to the IC's EEPROM and for the anticollision procedure. The IC outperforms other reported radio-frequency identification ICs by a factor of three in terms of required receive power level for a given base-station transmit power and tag antenna gain.
875 citations
"Design criteria for the RF section ..." refers background in this paper
...It is important to verify that the power that comes to the input of the voltage multiplier is sufficient to ensure its correct operation....
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...1) Received Signal at the Reader’s Antenna: As already said, the signal received by the reader’s antenna has two components: a PSK backscattered signal and an unmodulated carrier....
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...Since the power at the transponder antenna varies with the distance between the reader and the transponder, power matching will be pursued in the condition of minimum power available at the antenna that still ensures correct operation of the transponder....
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...The dimensioning of the power-matching network must be done for the maximum operating range when the power available at the terminals of the transponder’s antenna is the minimum one that allows the transponder to operate correctly....
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...The other condition will be given by the probability of error at the receiver....
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TL;DR: In this article, an active read/write microwave tagging system using circular-polarization modulation as a novel modulation scheme for radio-frequency identification systems is presented, which reduces demodulation complexity and power consumption on the battery-powered tag.
Abstract: An active read/write microwave tagging system using circular-polarization modulation as a novel modulation scheme for radio-frequency identification systems is presented. The proposed modulation scheme reduces demodulation complexity and power consumption on the battery-powered tag. Additional coding of the circular-polarization modulated data reduces transmission errors due to polarization inversion at multipath propagation. In multiple-reader environments, the main jamming threat occurs from power carriers of different interrogators. A combination of circular-polarization modulation and frequency hopping is presented that shows an increased immunity against multipath phenomena for multiple-tag and multiple-reader environments.
105 citations
"Design criteria for the RF section ..." refers background in this paper
...1) Received Signal at the Reader’s Antenna: As already said, the signal received by the reader’s antenna has two components: a PSK backscattered signal and an unmodulated carrier....
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