Design of circuit for battery charging of electric vehicles: From renewable energy sources
01 Aug 2017-
TL;DR: A full bridge, current fed, interleaved, isolated DC-DC converter is proposed for battery charging of electric vehicles from solar PV or fuel cells, and the concept of soft switching is used to reduce switching losses.
Abstract: Electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are two concepts that are gaining popularity in order to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. In this paper, a full bridge, current fed, interleaved, isolated DC-DC converter is proposed for battery charging of electric vehicles from solar PV or fuel cells. It boosts voltage of around 36 V to 270 V. Interleaving leads to lesser input current ripple, a factor crucial for sources like solar PVs and fuel cells and lesser stress on switches. The concept of soft switching is used to reduce switching losses. Simulation results are presented for a power level of 3.45 kW. A scaled down, 200 W hardware model of the circuit was built and tested. A closed loop feedback system was also designed using k factor method to provide constant output voltage.
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01 Dec 2018
TL;DR: A solar fed isolated unidirectional dual bridge (IUDB) dc-dc converter is proposed for fast charging of batteries of electrical vehicles (EVs) with capability of power transfer according to the battery requirement with better control of various charging modes.
Abstract: In this paper a solar fed isolated unidirectional dual bridge (IUDB) dc-dc converter is proposed for fast charging of batteries of electrical vehicles (EVs). A dc-dc power electronic circuit is required to extract maximum power from the solar PV out of its nonlinear power characteristics. An interleaved boost converter (IBC) is used to extract the maximum power from the solar PV array. The Interleaved boost converter has more current handling capability and produces high quality DC output from the solar PV system. It consists of less number of active switches with one active full bridge and other uncontrolled diode bridge leading to lower cost and less complexity The proposed unidirectional isolated dual bridge has the capability of power transfer according to the battery requirement with better control of various charging modes. In this paper the converter operation and principle are analyzed. The simulations of the proposed converter control are carried out through the PSCAD software tool.
7 citations
Cites background from "Design of circuit for battery charg..."
...The IBC is most useful in the large scale solar PV array system with reduced current stress and high reliable performance [7]-[10]....
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29 May 2019
TL;DR: In this article, isolated unidirectional dual bridge (IUDB) DC/DC converter is used to supply the power absorbed from the solar PV, AC grid and the storage battery to the EV.
Abstract: As the electric vehicles is gaining popularity there has been an increase in the demand of the charging infrastructure for EV charging. Thus for the unhindered growth in EV acceptance, there is a great need to develop such charging methods that can be easily integrated with existing distribution system such that the harmful effect of excess EV penetration can be mitigated. This paper presents a concept to develop a charger such that it is able to provide a high current charging to the load at DC level-1 charging power. Since high power chargers draw very large current they can cause serious problems to the distribution system therefore PV supported charging station would reduce the effect on the distribution grid while supplying a heavy amount of power for fast charging applications. This paper uses isolated unidirectional dual bridge (IUDB) DC/DC converter to supply the power absorbed from the solar PV, AC grid and the storage battery to the EV.
5 citations
Cites background from "Design of circuit for battery charg..."
...An approach to design a charger for EV charging with renewable energy is discussed in [12]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief introduction of the different types, applications and typical electrical characteristics of fuel cells is presented, followed by an examination of the various topologies of DC-DC boost converters and inverters used for power conditioning of fuel cell.
Abstract: Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Unfortunately, multiple complications exist in fuel cell operation. Fuel cells cannot accept current in the reverse direction, do not perform well with ripple current, have a low output voltage that varies with age and current, respond sluggishly to step changes in load and are limited in overload capabilities. For these reasons, power converters are often necessary to boost and regulate the voltage as a means to provide a stiff applicable DC power source. Furthermore, the addition of an inverter allows for the conversion of DC power to AC for an utility interface or for the application of an AC motor. To help motivate the use of power conditioning for the fuel cell, a brief introduction of the different types, applications and typical electrical characteristics of fuel cells is presented. This is followed by an examination of the various topologies of DC-DC boost converters and inverters used for power conditioning of fuel cells. Several architectures to aggregate multiple fuel cells for high-voltage/high-power applications are also reviewed.
251 citations
"Design of circuit for battery charg..." refers background in this paper
...[6] [7] Therefore, sum total input current has negligible ripple content....
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TL;DR: A wide range zero-voltage switching (ZVS) active-clamped L-L type current-fed isolated dc-dc converter is proposed for fuel cells to utility interface application and maintains ZVS of all switches from full load down to very light load condition for wide input voltage variation.
Abstract: A wide range zero-voltage switching (ZVS) active-clamped L-L type current-fed isolated dc-dc converter is proposed for fuel cells to utility interface application. The proposed converter maintains ZVS of all switches from full load down to very light load condition for wide input voltage variation. Detailed operation, analysis, design, simulation and experimental results for the proposed converter are presented. The auxiliary active clamping circuit absorbs the turn-off voltage spike and also assists in achieving ZVS of main switches. The ZVS of auxiliary switches and main switches is achieved by the energy stored in the boost inductors and series inductor (aided by parallel inductor), respectively. Rectifier diodes operate with zero-current switching. An experimental converter rated at 200 W has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory to verify the analysis, design and performance of the proposed converter for wide variations in input voltage and load.
168 citations
"Design of circuit for battery charg..." refers background in this paper
...[1] These grids will primarily be low voltage grids....
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19 Mar 2006
TL;DR: A new interleaved and isolated boost converter is proposed in this paper that has two inductors in parallel at the input to share the current and two capacitors in series at the output to shared the voltage.
Abstract: Isolated boost converter is desirable in the low-to-high dc/dc application where isolation is required or a large step up is in a need. The challenge of designing such a converter for high power applications is how to handle the high current at the input and high voltage at the output. An effective way is to parallel the inputs and series the outputs of the isolated boost converters. Based on this concept, a new interleaved and isolated boost converter is proposed in this paper that has two inductors in parallel at the input to share the current and two capacitors in series at the output to share the voltage. The current stresses and voltage stresses of the converter are both alleviated. The two boost converter cells realize demagnetizing by helping each other, which simplifies the transformer structures. With interleaved operation, the current ripple is smaller; therefore, it is possible to use smaller capacitors at the input and output of the converter. All these features make the new interleaved isolated boost converter desirable for high power low-to-high dc/dc applications. The proposed interleaved isolated boost converter is presented based on the basic isolated boost converter, but the interleaved structure is applicable to other isolated boost converters including the full-bridge converter, the push-pull converter, and the L-type half-bridge converter. The theoretical analysis is verified by a 200W prototype.
71 citations
"Design of circuit for battery charg..." refers background in this paper
...The next two topologies are of half bridge boost converter [3] and full bridge boost converter [4]....
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14 Mar 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, a clamping diode is added to the original integrated boost-flyback (IBF) topology that naturally clamp these parasitic oscillations, and make the converter operation more similar to that of the IBF converter with voltage multiplier.
Abstract: High step-up ratio converters for low-voltage high-current energy sources are nowadays the focus of an intensive research activity by the power electronics community, thanks to the increasing interest for renewable energy sources like those based on photovoltaic modules and fuel-cells. One interesting topology presented in literature is based on the combination of a boost section and a flyback one, featuring the possibility to boost the output voltage while keeping the switch voltage stress at a reasonable level. However, the basic integrated boost-flyback (IBF) topology suffers of parasitic oscillations caused by the transformer leakage inductances and the diode parasitic capacitance. These oscillations require a suitable dissipative clamp circuit to reduce the diode voltage stress, thus adversely affecting the overall converter efficiency. In this paper, a clamping diode is added to the original IBF topology that naturally clamp these parasitic oscillations, and make the converter operation more similar to that of the IBF converter with voltage multiplier. It is also shown that a resonance occurs that helps to increase the converter's voltage gain. Experimental results taken from a 300W rated prototype are included, showing a good agreement with the theoretical expectations.
38 citations
"Design of circuit for battery charg..." refers background in this paper
...[2] However, this converter is not suitable for heavy loads because it has a single switch which is put under too much stress and hence, doesn’t perform as well as desired....
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01 Nov 2005
TL;DR: Choi et al. as discussed by the authors proposed an impedance model of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack (PEMFCS) and derived an equivalent circuit model by a frequency response analysis (FRA) technique to evaluate the effects of ripple current generated by the ripple current.
Abstract: New Approaches to Improve the Performance of the PEM Based Fuel Cell Power Systems. (August 2004) Woojin Choi, B.S., Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea; M.S., Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Prasad N. Enjeti Dr. Jo W. Howze Fuel cells are expected to play an important role in future power generation. However, significant technical challenges remain and the commercial breakthrough of fuel cells is hindered by the high price of fuel cell components. As is well known, the fuel cells do not provide the robust source characteristics required to effectively follow the load during significant load steps and they have limited overload-handling capability. Further, the performance of the fuel cell is significantly degraded when the CO (Carbon Monoxide) is contained in the hydrogen fuel. In this thesis several new approaches to improve the performance of PEM based fuel cell power systems are discussed. In the first section an impedance model of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack (PEMFCS) is first proposed. This equivalent circuit model of the fuel cell stack is derived by a frequency response analysis (FRA) technique to evaluate the effects of the ripple current generated by the
6 citations