Designing a Biosensor Using a Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber
TL;DR: In this paper, a photonic quasi-crystal fiber-based refractive index biosensor (PQF-RIBS) was proposed, which works based on the surface plasmon polariton.
Abstract: Using finite-element method, we propose a photonic quasi-crystal fiber-based refractive index biosensor (PQF-RIBS), which works based on the surface plasmon polariton. We determine the loss spectra for two different variations of the refractive index of analyte, $n_{a}$ . From the detailed numerical analysis, we find that the PQF-RIBS exhibits a maximum refractive index sensitivity of 6000 nm/RIU and a resolution of $1.6\,\, \times \,\,10^{-6}$ RIU when $n_{a}$ is increased from 1.45 to 1.46. Besides, this sensor does exhibit the negative refractive index sensitivity of −4000 nm/RIU and a resolution of $2.5\,\, \times \,\,10^{-6}$ RIU for a sensing range from 1.52 to 1.53. Furthermore, we carry out selective filling of liquid in the selective holes of the proposed biosensor for a sensing wavelength range from 900 to 1200 nm. Finally, we also study the influence of the structural parameters, namely, diameter of the core and diameter of the air holes in the cladding over the loss spectra of a fundamental mode for a particular $n_{a}$ of 1.47.
Citations
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TL;DR: The plasmonic sensing principles of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have been discussed in this article, and fabrication considerations, as well as limitations due to the structural features of PCFs, are discussed.
Abstract: Flexibility in engineering holey structures and controlling the wave guiding properties in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) has enabled a wide variety of PCF-based plasmonic structures and devices with attractive application potential. Metal thin films, nanowires, and nanoparticles are embedded for achieving surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized SPR within PCF structures. This paper begins with an outline of plasmonic sensing principles. This is followed by an overview of fabrication and experimental investigation of plasmonic PCFs. Reported plasmonic PCF designs are categorized based on their target application areas, including optical/biochemical sensors, polarization splitters, and couplers. Finally, design and fabrication considerations, as well as limitations due to the structural features of PCFs, are discussed.
130 citations
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...5 × 10-5 - Gandhi 2016 [138] Au-coated 1....
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TL;DR: The robustness of optical properties including dispersion, confinement loss, and effective mode area in this PQF is discussed, assuming a deviation ±3% of all air holes.
Abstract: In this work, an octagonal Penrose-type photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) with dual-cladding is proposed. By optimizing three geometric degrees of freedom, the PQF exhibits ultra-flattened near-zero dispersion of 0.014±0.293 ps/nm/km, ultra-low order confinement loss of 10−4 dB/km, and large effective mode area of over 16.2 μm2 in a broadband of wavelength from 1.27 to 1.67 μm, covering almost all optical communication bands. At the common communication wavelength 1.55 μm, completely opposite trends of the dispersion and the confinement loss varying with the air-filling factor in the inner cladding are demonstrated. In addition, the robustness of optical properties including dispersion, confinement loss, and effective mode area in this PQF is discussed, assuming a deviation ±3% of all air holes.
96 citations
TL;DR: A D-shaped photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed for refractive index (RI) sensing that realizes the high-sensitivity sensing in the near-infrared band.
Abstract: A D-shaped photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed for refractive index (RI) sensing. The influences of the width of the gold film, the diameter of the air holes, and the thickness of the gold film on the sensing performance are analyzed. When the RI of a liquid analyte gradually increases from 1.415 to 1.427, the average sensitivity is calculated as 10,250 nm/RIU, and the maximum sensitivity is up to 34,000 nm/RIU, which realizes the high-sensitivity sensing in the near-infrared band. The D-shaped PQF sensor proposed has great application potential in the detection of biochemical analytes and provides a new way to improve the sensing performance.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sixfold photonic quasi-crystal fiber with a trapezoidal analyte channel based on surface plasmon resonance was proposed for the detection of high-refractive-index (RI) liquid analytes and numerically analyzed its sensing performance for different liquid analyte refractive indices and heights using the finite element method.
Abstract: We propose a sixfold photonic quasi-crystal fiber with a trapezoidal analyte channel based on surface plasmon resonance for the detection of high-refractive-index (RI) liquid analytes and numerically analyze its sensing performance for different liquid analyte refractive indices and heights using the finite-element method. In contrast to the common D-shaped structure photonic crystal fiber, we design a trapezoidal analyte channel to investigate the role of the sample liquid height within the channel and discussed the feasibility of the fabrication process. We find that with various liquid analyte heights ratios of 20%, 25%, 30%, and 50% of the maximum channel height, the proposed biosensor exhibits linear sensing performance with a maximum RI sensitivity of 4400, 6100, 8000, and 17000 nm/RIU, respectively, for analytes RI range of 1.44–1.57, 1.41–1.51, 1.40–1.49, and 1.40–1.44. This sensor is suitable to detect various high RI chemicals, biochemicals, and organic chemical samples. Owing to its simple structure of the proposed biosensor with promising linear sensing performance, we envisage that this biosensor could turn out to be a versatile and competitive instrument for the detection of high-RI liquid analytes.
73 citations
Cites methods from "Designing a Biosensor Using a Photo..."
...glycerol using a ten-fold PQF with a maximum sensitivity of 6000 nm/RIU [19]....
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...stability during the sensing process [19], [21]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a novel polarization filter based on a sunflower-type photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) is proposed, which can efficiently produce polarized light with visible wavelengths by using the resonance between the second-order surface plasmon polariton mode and the core mode of the PQF.
Abstract: A novel polarization filter based on a sunflower-type photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) is proposed in this paper. We also discuss different methods to tune the filter wavelength. The proposed filter can efficiently produce polarized light with visible wavelengths by using the resonance between the second-order surface plasmon polariton mode and the core mode of the PQF. The filtered wavelength can be tuned between 0.55 µm and 0.68 µm by adjusting the thickness of the gold film. When the thickness of the gold film is 25.3 nm, the resonance loss in the y-polarized direction reaches 11707 dB m−1 for a wavelength of 0.6326 µm, and the full width at half maximum is only 5 nm. Due to the flexible design and absence of both polarization coupling and polarization dispersion, this polarization filter can be used in devices that require narrow-band filtering.
69 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a Microstructured Optical Fiber-based Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor with optimized microfluidics, where plasmons on the inner surface of large metallized channels containing analyte can be excited by a single mode microstructured fiber.
Abstract: The concept of a Microstructured Optical Fiber-based Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor with optimized microfluidics is proposed. In such a sensor plasmons on the inner surface of large metallized channels containing analyte can be excited by a fundamental mode of a single mode microstructured fiber. Phase matching between plasmon and a core mode can be enforced by introducing air filled microstructure into the fiber core, thus allowing tuning of the modal refractive index and its matching with that of a plasmon. Integration of large size microfluidic channels for efficient analyte flow together with a single mode waveguide of designable effective refractive index is attractive for the development of integrated highly sensitive MOF-SPR sensors operating at any designable wavelength.
374 citations
"Designing a Biosensor Using a Photo..." refers background in this paper
...In this line, PCFs with a regular hexagonal array of air holes running along the fiber length have opened a new avenue in the closedform optical fiber plasmonic sensing [2]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a water-core microstructure fiber design allows nearly ideal guidance for aqueous sensing applications, where the total internal reflection by a microstructured silica-air cladding provides robust confinement of light in a fluid-filled core, if the average cladding index is sufficiently below the index of water.
Abstract: A novel water-core microstructure fibre design allows nearly ideal guidance for aqueous sensing applications. The total internal reflection by a microstructured silica–air cladding provides robust confinement of light in a fluid-filled core, if the average cladding index is sufficiently below the index of water. Numerical results show dramatically improved loss and overlap of light with the sample, compared to evanescent-field fibres, indicating a direct improvement of sensor performance. A strategy for the improvement of evanescent-wave gas sensors is also discussed.
284 citations
"Designing a Biosensor Using a Photo..." refers background in this paper
...An unstinted effort has been made for enhancing the performance of sensor by maximizing the confinement loss and overlap of light with the sample [17]....
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TL;DR: A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fiber with selectively filled analyte channels with maximum amplitude sensitivity and maximum refractive index (RI) sensitivity is proposed, suitable for detecting various high RI chemicals, biochemical and organic chemical analytes.
Abstract: We propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with selectively filled analyte channels. Silver is used as the plasmonic material to accurately detect the analytes and is coated with a thin graphene layer to prevent oxidation. The liquid-filled cores are placed near to the metallic channel for easy excitation of free electrons to produce surface plasmon waves (SPWs). Surface plasmons along the metal surface are excited with a leaky Gaussian-like core guided mode. Numerical investigations of the fiber’s properties and sensing performance are performed using the finite element method (FEM). The proposed sensor shows maximum amplitude sensitivity of 418 Refractive Index Units (RIU−1) with resolution as high as 2.4 × 10−5 RIU. Using the wavelength interrogation method, a maximum refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 3000 nm/RIU in the sensing range of 1.46–1.49 is achieved. The proposed sensor is suitable for detecting various high RI chemicals, biochemical and organic chemical analytes. Additionally, the effects of fiber structural parameters on the properties of plasmonic excitation are investigated and optimized for sensing performance as well as reducing the sensor’s footprint.
239 citations
TL;DR: A review of photonic crystal fiber sensors is presented; two different groups of sensors are detailed separately: physical and biochemical sensors, based on the sensor measured parameter.
Abstract: Photonic crystal fibers are a kind of fiber optics that present a diversity of new and improved features beyond what conventional optical fibers can offer. Due to their unique geometric structure, photonic crystal fibers present special properties and capabilities that lead to an outstanding potential for sensing applications. A review of photonic crystal fiber sensors is presented. Two different groups of sensors are detailed separately: physical and biochemical sensors, based on the sensor measured parameter. Several sensors have been reported until the date, and more are expected to be developed due to the remarkable characteristics such fibers can offer.
235 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fabrication of triangular lattices of parallel gold and silver nanowires of high optical quality was reported, with diameters down to $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and length to diameter ratios as high as 100 000.
Abstract: We report the fabrication of triangular lattices of parallel gold and silver nanowires of high optical quality, with diameters down to $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and length-to-diameter ratios as high as 100 000. The nanowires are supported by a silica glass matrix and are disposed around a central solid glass core, i.e., a missing nanowire. These centimeter-long structures make it possible to trap light within an array of nanowires and characterize the plasmon resonances that form at specific optical frequencies. Such nanowire arrays have many potential applications, e.g., imaging on the subwavelength scale.
223 citations
"Designing a Biosensor Using a Photo..." refers methods in this paper
...In the last few years, the microstructured PCFs with a regular hexagonal array of holes have facilitated a new method of optical fiber plasmonic sensing....
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...In this line, PCFs with a regular hexagonal array of air holes running along the fiber length have opened a new avenue in the closedform optical fiber plasmonic sensing [2]....
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...At this juncture, the label-free fiber based biosensors have been reported using long period gratings in PCFs [4]–[7], twin-core microstructured polymer optical fibers [8], [9], four-wave mixing [10] and modulational instability [5], [11]....
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...It is well established that the properties of the PCFs could be enhanced by filling the air holes with appropriate liquids....
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...For the first time, Schmidt et al have designed the SPR sensors by embedding the gold and silver nanowires onto PCFs [14]....
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