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Journal ArticleDOI

Detecting Vehicles’ Relative Position on Two-Lane Highways Through a Smartphone-Based Video Overtaking Aid Application

TL;DR: A smartphone-based real-time video overtaking architecture for vehicular networks that aims to prevent head-on collisions that might occur due to attempts to overtake when the view of the driver is obstructed by the presence of a larger vehicle ahead.
Abstract: In this paper we present a smartphone-based real-time video overtaking architecture for vehicular networks. The developed application aims to prevent head-on collisions that might occur due to attempts to overtake when the view of the driver is obstructed by the presence of a larger vehicle ahead. Under such conditions, the driver does not have a clear view of the road ahead and of any vehicles that might be approaching from the opposite direction, resulting in a high probability of accident occurrence. Our application relies on the use of a dashboard-mounted smartphone with the back camera facing the windshield, and having the screen towards the driver. A video is streamed from the vehicle ahead to the vehicle behind automatically, where it is displayed so that the driver can decide if it is safe to overtake. One of the major challenges is the way to pick the right video source and destination among vehicles in close proximity, depending on their relative position on the road. For this purpose, we have focused on two different methods: one relying solely on GPS data, and the other involving the use of the camera and vehicle heading information. Our experiments show that the faster method, using just the location information, is prone to errors due to GPS inaccuracies. A second method that depends on data fusion from the optical sensor and GPS, although accurate over short distances, becomes more computationally intensive, and its performance significantly depends on the quality of the camera.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulations and experiments are carried out to show that the presented algorithm significantly improves the relative position and orientation precision of both the pure UWB localization system and the fusion system integrated with dead reckoning.
Abstract: Along with the rapid development of advanced driving assistance systems for intelligent vehicles, essential functions such as forward collision warning and collaborative cruise control need to detect the relative positions of surrounding vehicles. This paper proposes a relative planar localization system based on the ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging technology. Three UWB modules are installed on the top of each vehicle. Because of the limited space on the vehicle roof compared with the ranging error, the traditional triangulation method leads to significant positioning errors. Therefore, an optimal localization algorithm combining homotopy and the Levenberg–Marquardt method is first proposed to enhance the precision. The triangular side lengths and directed area are introduced as constraints. Secondly, a UWB sensor error self-correction method is presented to further improve the ranging accuracy. Finally, we carry out simulations and experiments to show that the presented algorithm in this paper significantly improves the relative position and orientation precision of both the pure UWB localization system and the fusion system integrated with dead reckoning.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: Vehicle reidentification refers to the mission of matching vehicles across nonoverlapping cameras, which is one of the critical problems of the intelligent transportation system. Due to the resemblance of the appearance of the vehicles on road, traditional methods could not perform well on vehicles with high similarity. In this paper, we utilize hypergraph representation to integrate image features and tackle the issue of vehicles re-ID via hypergraph learning algorithms. A feature descriptor can only extract features from a single aspect. To merge multiple feature descriptors, an efficient and appropriate representation is particularly necessary, and a hypergraph is naturally suitable for modeling high-order relationships. In addition, the spatiotemporal correlation of traffic status between cameras is the constraint beyond the image, which can greatly improve the re-ID accuracy of different vehicles with similar appearances. The method proposed in this paper uses hypergraph optimization to learn about the similarity between the query image and images in the library. By using the pair and higher-order relationship between query objects and image library, the similarity measurement method is improved compared to direct matching. The experiments conducted on the image library constructed in this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using multifeature hypergraph fusion and the spatiotemporal correlation model to address issues in vehicle reidentification.
Book ChapterDOI
24 Jun 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors have developed a very unique solution and try to find unsolved issues in more technical way, which is about tracing follower vehicles of emergency vehicles using RFID (radio frequency identification).
Abstract: In India, the population is large, and it is very crucial to maintain emergency vehicle services properly. Everyday many accidents occur due to lack responsibility of drivers and lack awareness of motor act laws. Here the authors have developed a very unique solution and try to find unsolved issues in more technical way. The system is about tracing follower vehicles of emergency vehicles using RFID (radio frequency identification). Camera set on an emergency vehicle will capture an image of a trespassing vehicle and read the RFID tag. It will trace the details of the vehicle using an RFID reader. There is one front camera which will check the traffic signals, and if red signal already on red state, then it will not consider the follower vehicle, but if there is green signal and vehicle is following the emergency vehicle, then RFID will scan it, trace it. E-memo is generated and sent to the nearest RTO office for penalty.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Baseline method has been by far the most widely implemented JPEG method to date, and is sufficient in its own right for a large number of applications.
Abstract: For the past few years, a joint ISO/CCITT committee known as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) has been working to establish the first international compression standard for continuous-tone still images, both grayscale and color. JPEG’s proposed standard aims to be generic, to support a wide variety of applications for continuous-tone images. To meet the differing needs of many applications, the JPEG standard includes two basic compression methods, each with various modes of operation. A DCT-based method is specified for “lossy’’ compression, and a predictive method for “lossless’’ compression. JPEG features a simple lossy technique known as the Baseline method, a subset of the other DCT-based modes of operation. The Baseline method has been by far the most widely implemented JPEG method to date, and is sufficient in its own right for a large number of applications. This article provides an overview of the JPEG standard, and focuses in detail on the Baseline method.

3,944 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For small data sets FAST-LTS typically finds the exact LTS, whereas for larger data sets it gives more accurate results than existing algorithms for LTS and is faster by orders of magnitude.
Abstract: Data mining aims to extract previously unknown patterns or substructures from large databases. In statistics, this is what methods of robust estimation and outlier detection were constructed for, see e.g. Rousseeuw and Leroy (1987). Here we will focus on least trimmed squares (LTS) regression, which is based on the subset of h cases (out of n) whose least squares fit possesses the smallest sum of squared residuals. The coverage h may be set between n/2 and n. The computation time of existing LTS algorithms grows too much with the size of the data set, precluding their use for data mining. In this paper we develop a new algorithm called FAST-LTS. The basic ideas are an inequality involving order statistics and sums of squared residuals, and techniques which we call `selective iteration' and `nested extensions'. We also use an intercept adjustment technique to improve the precision. For small data sets FAST-LTS typically finds the exact LTS, whereas for larger data sets it gives more accurate results than existing algorithms for LTS and is faster by orders of magnitude. This allows us to apply FAST-LTS to large databases.

574 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The repeated median algorithm as mentioned in this paper is a robustified U-statistic in which nested medians replace the single mean and maintains the high 50% breakdown value and resist the effects of outliers even when they comprise nearly half of the data.
Abstract: : The repeated median algorithm is a robustified U-statistic in which nested medians replace the single mean. Unlike many generalizations of the univariate median, repeated median estimates maintain the high 50% breakdown value and can resist the effects of outliers even when they comprise nearly half of the data. Because they are calculated directly, not iteratively, repeated median procedures can be used as starting values for iterative robust estimation methods. For bivariate linear regression with symmetric errors, repeated median estimates are unbiased and Fisher consistent, and their efficiency under Gaussian sampling can be comparable to the efficiency of the univariate median. (Author)

505 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Theil-Sen estimator of the slope parameter in simple linear regression is extended to data with both the response and the covariate subject to censoring.
Abstract: The Theil-Sen estimator of the slope parameter in simple linear regression is extended to data with both the response and the covariate subject to censoring. Based on inverting a suitable version of Kendall's τ statistic, this estimator requires weak assumptions and is simple to compute, and a simple estimate of its asymptotic variance is obtained. A second extension of the Theil-Sen estimator, based on a direct estimation of the median of pairwise slopes, is given. These estimators are compared numerically with versions of Schmitt's estimator and applied to two data sets from the recent astronomical literature.

150 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the "structured judgement method" of accident causation research, in which human interpreters were used to ascribe causes and processes to individual cases, but orthodox research techniques are used to standardise procedures and to assess and ensure reliability.

116 citations