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Journal ArticleDOI

Detection of mycotoxins by thin-layer chromatography: application to screening of fungal extracts.

01 Nov 1970-Applied and Environmental Microbiology (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 20, Iss: 5, pp 839-842
TL;DR: A convenient thin-layer chromatographic screening procedure for the detection of 18 mycotoxins is described.
Abstract: A convenient thin-layer chromatographic screening procedure for the detection of 18 mycotoxins is described.
Citations
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01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In a survey of the occurrence of ochratoxin A-positive strains isolated from feedstuffs, two of the 19 isolates of Aspergillus niger var.
Abstract: In a survey of the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OA)-positive strains isolated from feedstuffs, two of the 19 isolates of Aspergillus niger var. niger that were studied produced OA in 2% yeast extract-15% sucrose broth and in corn cultures. This is the first report of production of OA by this species.

402 citations


Cites methods from "Detection of mycotoxins by thin-lay..."

  • ...After incubation for 7 days at 25°C, the vials were extracted with hot chloroform (20)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a survey of the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OA)-positive strains isolated from feedstuffs, two of the 19 isolates of Aspergillus niger var. niger that were studied produced OA in 2% yeast extract-15% sucrose broth and in corn cultures as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In a survey of the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OA)-positive strains isolated from feedstuffs, two of the 19 isolates of Aspergillus niger var. niger that were studied produced OA in 2% yeast extract-15% sucrose broth and in corn cultures. This is the first report of production of OA by this species.

375 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fungal chemotaxonomy based on secondary metabolites has been used successfully in large ascomycete genera such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Hypoxylon, Penicillium, Stachybotrys, Xylaria and in few basidiomyceteGenera, but not in Zygomycota and ChytridiomyCota.

328 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Strains of available terverticillate penicillium species and varieties were analyzed for profiles of known mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites produced on Czapek yeast autolysate agar and yeast extract-sucrose agar by using simple thin-layer chromatography screening techniques.
Abstract: Strains of available terverticillate penicillium species and varieties were analyzed for profiles of known mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites produced on Czapek yeast autolysate agar (intracellular metabolites) and yeast extract-sucrose agar (extracellular metabolites) by using simple thin-layer chromatography screening techniques These strains (2,473 in all) could be classified into 29 groups based on profiles of secondary metabolites Most of these profiles of secondary metabolites were distinct, containing several biosynthetically different mycotoxins and unknown metabolites characterized by distinct colors and retardation factors on thin-layer chromatography plates Some species (P italicum and P atramentosum) only produced one or two metabolites by the simple screening methods The 29 groups based on profiles of secondary metabolites were known species or subgroups thereof These species and subgroups were independently identifiable by using morphological and physiological criteria The species accepted, the number of isolates in each species investigated, and the mycotoxins they produced were: P atramentosum, 4; P aurantiogriseum, 510 (group I: penicillic acid and S-toxin and group II: penicillic acid, penitrem A [low frequency], terrestric acid [low frequency], viomellein, and xanthomegnin); P brevicompactum, 81 (brevianamid A and mycophenolic acid); P camembertii group I, 38, and group II, 114 (cyclopiazonic acid); P chrysogenum, 87 (penicillin, roquefortine C, and PR-toxin); P claviforme, 4 (patulin and roquefortine C); P clavigerum, 4 (penitrem A); P concentricum group I, 10 (griseofulvin and roquefortine C), and group II, 3 (patulin and roquefortine C); P crustosum, 123 (penitrem A, roquefortine C, and terrestric acid); P echinulatum, 13; P expansum, 91 (citrinin, patulin, and roquefortine C); P granulatum, 6 (patulin, penitrem A, and roquefortine C [traces]); P griseofulvum, 21 (cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin, patulin, and roquefortine C); P hirsutum, 100 (group I: terrestric acid; group II: citrinin, penicillic acid , roquefortine C, and terrestric acid; and group III: roquefortine C and terrestric acid), P hirsutum group IV, 2 (chaetoglobosin C); P isariiforme, 1; P italicum, 41; P mali, 104; P roquefortii, 78 (group I: mycophenolic acid, PR-toxin, and roquefortine C and group II: mycophenolic acid, patulin, penicillic acid [low frequency], and roquefortine C); P viridicatum group I, 634 (brevianamid A [low frequency], penicillic acid, viomellein, and xanthomegnin), P viridicatum group II and III, 494 (citrinin and ochratoxin A), P viridicatum group IV, 12 (griseofulvin and viridicatumtoxin) It is proposed that profiles of secondary metabolites be strongly emphasized in any future revision of the penicillia

254 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Information on the relative role of the key species, ability to produce sclerotia, production of the main toxic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid, and tolerance of key environmental parameters will be useful in identifying regions at risk in northern Italy by linking climatic regional information to levels of fungal contamination present.

240 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The maximal amount of toxin was produced by ATCC culture 15548 in 1-liter flasks containing 100 ml of medium incubated as stationary cultures for 6 days at 25 C.
Abstract: Isolates of Aspergillus flavus produced 0.2 to 63 mg of aflatoxins B1 and G1 per 100 ml in a nutrient solution consisting of 20% sucrose and 2% yeast extract. Various factors influencing the fermentation were studied. The maximal amount of toxin was produced by ATCC culture 15548 in 1-liter flasks containing 100 ml of medium incubated as stationary cultures for 6 days at 25 C.

313 citations

01 Jan 1969

286 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...We can thus detect the following toxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 (3); ochratoxin A (14); aspertoxin (8); luteoskyrin (13); zearalenone [F-2 (6)]; 4-acetamido-4hydroxy-2-butenoic acid y-lactone (18); diacetoxyscirpenol (1) and its 8-(3-methylbutyryloxy) derivative [T-2 toxin (5)]; and nivalenol and its 4-0-acetate (11), in addition to several antibiotics now regarded as mycotoxins, namely gliotoxin, citrinin, patulin, penicillic acid, and sterigmatocystin (4)....

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Journal ArticleDOI

247 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...We can thus detect the following toxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 (3); ochratoxin A (14); aspertoxin (8); luteoskyrin (13); zearalenone [F-2 (6)]; 4-acetamido-4hydroxy-2-butenoic acid y-lactone (18); diacetoxyscirpenol (1) and its 8-(3-methylbutyryloxy) derivative [T-2 toxin (5)]; and nivalenol and its 4-0-acetate (11), in addition to several antibiotics now regarded as mycotoxins, namely gliotoxin, citrinin, patulin, penicillic acid, and sterigmatocystin (4)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Production of these substances is probably not important in the aetiology of disease symptoms in plants parasitized by F. equiseti, but may be significant in cases of toxicosis of animals fed with grain infected by Fusaria.
Abstract: With one Figure in the Text Received 6 May i960 SUMMARY Culture filtrates of several strains of Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. were found to be highly phytotoxic. Several phytotoxic substances were isolated; the most important of these was a colourless crystalline compound, diacetoxyscirpenol, m.p. 161-2°, C19H3607. Though highly phytotoxic in many respects, it markedly stimulates elongation of cress roots at o-oi-o-s /xg./ml. This is not an anti-auxin effect. Diacetoxyscirpenol is at most only slightly inhibitory to fungi and bacteria, but is highly toxic to rats. Two minor metabolic products, m.p. 135-6° and 185-8° respectively, are also described. They, too, were highly phytotoxic, though their spectra of activity were somewhat different from that of diacetoxyscirpenol. They also were highly toxic to rats. Production of these substances is probably not important in the aetiology of disease symptoms in plants parasitized by F. equiseti, but may be significant in cases of toxicosis of animals fed with grain infected by Fusaria. Scirpentriol, a hydrolysis product of diacetoxyscirpenol, is much less phytotoxic but of equal toxicity to rats.

191 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...We can thus detect the following toxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 (3); ochratoxin A (14); aspertoxin (8); luteoskyrin (13); zearalenone [F-2 (6)]; 4-acetamido-4hydroxy-2-butenoic acid y-lactone (18); diacetoxyscirpenol (1) and its 8-(3-methylbutyryloxy) derivative [T-2 toxin (5)]; and nivalenol and its 4-0-acetate (11), in addition to several antibiotics now regarded as mycotoxins, namely gliotoxin, citrinin, patulin, penicillic acid, and sterigmatocystin (4)....

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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1965
TL;DR: The authors applied the reagent solution on to the layer in the finest possible dispersion, i.e., in the form of an aerosol, using a laboratory spray-gun.
Abstract: It is important to apply the reagent solution on to the layer in the finest possible dispersion, i.e., in the form of an aerosol. Home-made sprayers are frequently inadequate for this purpose, since the droplets they produce are too large. Sprayers, such as are now available commercially, for use with ninhydrin (Reagent No. 108), aniline phthalate (Reagent No. 8), bromocresol green (Reagent No. 22), etc., are ideal for this purpose1. Another appliance, which appears to be very suitable, is the “Laboratory Spray-Gun”1. This sprayer has a propellent-gas container, and the spraying reagent in the glass flask may be changed as required (Fig. 196).

137 citations