Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: a review
TL;DR: The use of natural frequency as a diagnostic parameter in structural assessment procedures using vibration monitoring is discussed in this paper, based on the fact that natural frequencies are sensitive indicators of structural integrity.
About: This article is published in Engineering Structures.The article was published on 1997-09-01. It has received 1885 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of methods to detect, locate, and characterize damage in structural and mechanical systems by examining changes in measured vibration response, including frequency, mode shape, and modal damping.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of methods to detect, locate, and characterize damage in structural and mechanical systems by examining changes in measured vibration response. Research in vibration-based damage identification has been rapidly expanding over the last few years. The basic idea behind this technology is that modal parameters (notably frequencies, mode shapes, and modal damping) are functions of the physical properties of the structure (mass, damping, and stiffness). Therefore, changes in the physical properties will cause detectable changes in the modal properties. The motivation for the development of this technology is presented. The methods are categorized according to various criteria such as the level of damage detection provided, model-based versus non-model-based methods, and linear versus nonlinear methods. The methods are also described in general terms including difficulties associated with their implementation and their fidelity. Past, current, and future-planned applications of this technology to actual engineering systems are summarized. The paper concludes with a discussion of critical issues for future research in the area of vibration-based damage identification.
2,715 citations
Cites background from "Detection of structural damage thro..."
...Salawu (1997a) presents an excellent review on the use of modal frequency changes for damage diagnostics....
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...…Osegueda, et al. (1992); Kam and Lee (1992); Kim, et al. (1992); Srinivasan and Kot (1992); Ko, et al. (1994); Salawu and Williams (1994, 1995); Lam, et al. (1995); Salawu (1995); Salawu (1997); and Saitoh and Takei (1996) provide examples of other studies that examine changes in mode shapes....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review on modal parameter-based damage identification methods for beam- or plate-type structures is presented in this paper, and the damage identification algorithms in terms of signal processing are discussed.
Abstract: A comprehensive review on modal parameter-based damage identification methods for beam- or plate-type structures is presented, and the damage identification algorithms in terms of signal processing...
1,613 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in vibration-based condition monitoring with particular emphasis on structural engineering applications is reviewed, focusing on the use of in situ non-destructive sensing and analysis of system characteristics for detecting changes, which may indicate damage or degradation.
Abstract: Vibration based condition monitoring refers to the use of in situ non-destructive sensing and analysis of system characteristics –in the time, frequency or modal domains –for the purpose of detecting changes, which may indicate damage or degradation. In the field of civil engineering, monitoring systems have the potential to facilitate the more economical management and maintenance of modern infrastructure. This paper reviews the state of the art in vibration based condition monitoring with particular emphasis on structural engineering applications.
1,394 citations
Cites background from "Detection of structural damage thro..."
...Salawu reviewed 65 publications dealing with the detection of structural damage through frequency changes [106]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a model-dependent method with piezoelectric sensor and actuator incorporated into composite structures is proposed for on-line damage detection and health-monitoring on composite structures.
753 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two types of features are extracted from the measurements: eigenproperties of the structure using an automated stochastic subspace identification procedure and peak indicators computed on the Fourier transform of modal filters.
490 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a method of non-destructively assessing the integrity of structures using measurements of the structural natural frequencies is described, where measurements made at a single point in the structure can be used to detect, locate and quantify damage.
Abstract: A method of non-destructively assessing the integrity of structures using measurements of the structural natural frequencies is described. It is shown how measurements made at a single point in the structure can be used to detect, locate and quantify damage. The scheme presented uses finite-element analysis, since this method may be used on any structure. The principle may, however, be used in conjunction with other mathematical techniques. Only one full analysis is required for each type of structure.Results are presented from tests on an aluminium plate and a cross-ply carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic plate. Excellent agreement is shown between the predicted and actual damage sites and a useful indication of the magnitude of the defect is obtained.
1,379 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of non-destructively evaluating the integrity of structures is described and applied to structures for which a one dimensional analysis is satisfactory, and it is shown how vibration measureme...
Abstract: A method of non-destructively evaluating the integrity of structures is described and applied to structures for which a one dimensional analysis is satisfactory. It is shown how vibration measureme...
665 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the dependence of natural frequencies and modal damping coefficients on deterioration in structures is examined, and the magnitude of change in natural frequencies is a function of the severity and of the location of deterioration.
Abstract: Nondestructive inspection of structures by modal analysis of vibration response is reported. The dependence of natural frequencies and modal damping coefficients on deterioration in structures is examined. The magnitude of change in natural frequencies is a function of the severity and of the location of deterioration in structures. Ratios of changes in natural frequencies normalized with respect to the largest frequency change are independent of severity for small deterioration and can serve to indicate the location of deterioration directly. Specific deterioration events have an associated characteristic ensemble of ratios of natural frequency changes that may be compiled in advance to form a data base for later interpretation of observed modal parameter changes. The modal analysis method is demonstrated in experiments on a welded steel frame exposed to fatigue loading, and on wire ropes damaged by sawcuts. The method holds promise as a condition monitoring tool for bridges and other skeletal structures.
440 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a first order perturbation method is presented which predicts the changes in resonance frequencies of a structure resulting from cracks, notches or other geometrical changes.
Abstract: A first order perturbation method is presented which predicts the changes in resonance frequencies of a structure resulting from cracks, notches or other geometrical changes. The eigenfrequency changes due to a crack are shown to be dependent on the strain energy of a static solution which is easily obtainable for small cracks and other small cut-outs. The method has been tested for three different cases, and the predicted results correlate very closely to experimental and numerical results.
284 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of a crack in a welded joint on the dynamic behavior of a structural member is discussed and the relation between the change in natural frequency of vibration of a cantilever beam and the crack depth that appears at the built-in edge which is clamped by way of a weld is investigated.
246 citations