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Journal ArticleDOI

Determinants of Perceived Ease of Use: Integrating Control, Intrinsic Motivation, and Emotion into the Technology Acceptance Model

01 Dec 2000-Information Systems Research (INFORMS)-Vol. 11, Iss: 4, pp 342-365
TL;DR: This work presents and tests an anchoring and adjustment-based theoretical model of the determinants of system-specific perceived ease of use, and proposes control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion as anchors that determine early perceptions about the ease ofuse of a new system.
Abstract: Much previous research has established that perceived ease of use is an important factor influencing user acceptance and usage behavior of information technologies. However, very little research has been conducted to understand how that perception forms and changes over time. The current work presents and tests an anchoring and adjustment-based theoretical model of the determinants of system-specific perceived ease of use. The model proposes control (internal and external--conceptualized as computer self-efficacy and facilitating conditions, respectively), intrinsic motivation (conceptualized as computer playfulness), and emotion (conceptualized as computer anxiety) as anchors that determine early perceptions about the ease of use of a new system. With increasing experience, it is expected that system-specific perceived ease of use, while still anchored to the general beliefs regarding computers and computer use, will adjust to reflect objective usability, perceptions of external control specific to the new system environment, and system-specific perceived enjoyment. The proposed model was tested in three different organizations among 246 employees using three measurements taken over a three-month period. The proposed model was strongly supported at all points of measurement, and explained up to 60% of the variance in system-specific perceived ease of use, which is twice as much as our current understanding. Important theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as mentioned in this paper is a unified model that integrates elements across the eight models, and empirically validate the unified model.
Abstract: Information technology (IT) acceptance research has yielded many competing models, each with different sets of acceptance determinants. In this paper, we (1) review user acceptance literature and discuss eight prominent models, (2) empirically compare the eight models and their extensions, (3) formulate a unified model that integrates elements across the eight models, and (4) empirically validate the unified model. The eight models reviewed are the theory of reasoned action, the technology acceptance model, the motivational model, the theory of planned behavior, a model combining the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, the model of PC utilization, the innovation diffusion theory, and the social cognitive theory. Using data from four organizations over a six-month period with three points of measurement, the eight models explained between 17 percent and 53 percent of the variance in user intentions to use information technology. Next, a unified model, called the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), was formulated, with four core determinants of intention and usage, and up to four moderators of key relationships. UTAUT was then tested using the original data and found to outperform the eight individual models (adjusted R2 of 69 percent). UTAUT was then confirmed with data from two new organizations with similar results (adjusted R2 of 70 percent). UTAUT thus provides a useful tool for managers needing to assess the likelihood of success for new technology introductions and helps them understand the drivers of acceptance in order to proactively design interventions (including training, marketing, etc.) targeted at populations of users that may be less inclined to adopt and use new systems. The paper also makes several recommendations for future research including developing a deeper understanding of the dynamic influences studied here, refining measurement of the core constructs used in UTAUT, and understanding the organizational outcomes associated with new technology use.

27,798 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objective is to describe the performance of design-science research in Information Systems via a concise conceptual framework and clear guidelines for understanding, executing, and evaluating the research.
Abstract: Two paradigms characterize much of the research in the Information Systems discipline: behavioral science and design science The behavioral-science paradigm seeks to develop and verify theories that explain or predict human or organizational behavior The design-science paradigm seeks to extend the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts Both paradigms are foundational to the IS discipline, positioned as it is at the confluence of people, organizations, and technology Our objective is to describe the performance of design-science research in Information Systems via a concise conceptual framework and clear guidelines for understanding, executing, and evaluating the research In the design-science paradigm, knowledge and understanding of a problem domain and its solution are achieved in the building and application of the designed artifact Three recent exemplars in the research literature are used to demonstrate the application of these guidelines We conclude with an analysis of the challenges of performing high-quality design-science research in the context of the broader IS community

10,264 citations


Cites background or methods from "Determinants of Perceived Ease of U..."

  • ...Although TAM is posed as a behavioral theory, it also provides metrics by which a designed information system or implementation process can be evaluated....

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  • ...For example, the Technology Acceptance Model (Venkatesh 2000) provides a theory that explains and predicts the acceptance of information technologies within organizations....

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  • ...TAM (Venkatesh 2000), for example, presents a framework for predicting and explaining why a particular information system will or will not be accepted in a given organizational setting....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work draws from the vast body of research on the technology acceptance model (TAM) to develop a comprehensive nomological network of the determinants of individual level IT adoption and use and present a research agenda focused on potential pre- and postimplementation interventions that can enhance employees' adopted and use of IT.
Abstract: Prior research has provided valuable insights into how and why employees make a decision about the adoption and use of information technologies (ITs) in the workplace. From an organizational point of view, however, the more important issue is how managers make informed decisions about interventions that can lead to greater acceptance and effective utilization of IT. There is limited research in the IT implementation literature that deals with the role of interventions to aid such managerial decision making. Particularly, there is a need to understand how various interventions can influence the known determinants of IT adoption and use. To address this gap in the literature, we draw from the vast body of research on the technology acceptance model (TAM), particularly the work on the determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and: (i) develop a comprehensive nomological network (integrated model) of the determinants of individual level (IT) adoption and use; (ii) empirically test the proposed integrated model; and (iii) present a research agenda focused on potential pre- and postimplementation interventions that can enhance employees' adoption and use of IT. Our findings and research agenda have important implications for managerial decision making on IT implementation in organizations.

5,246 citations


Cites background or methods or result from "Determinants of Perceived Ease of U..."

  • ...Two system characteristics–related adjustments—that is, perceived enjoyment and objective usability—were suggested by Venkatesh (2000) to play a role in determining perceived ease of use after individuals gain experience with the new system....

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  • ...Objective Usability A “comparison of systems based on the actual level (rather than perceptions) of effort required to completing specific tasks” (Venkatesh, 2000, pp. 350–351). technology acceptance—TAM3, shown in Figure 2....

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  • ...TAM3 posits three relationships that were not empirically tested in Venkatesh (2000) and Venkatesh and Davis (2000)....

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  • ...Following Venkatesh (2000) and human-computer interaction (HCI) research, objective usability (OU) was operationalized by computing a novice-to-expert ratio of effort....

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  • ...Perceived ease of use has been theorized to be closely associated with individuals’ self-efficacy beliefs and procedural knowledge, which requires handson experience and execution of skills (Davis et al., 1989; Venkatesh, 2000; Davis & Venkatesh, 2004)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper contributes by proposing and validating measures for a multidisciplinary, multidimensional model of trust in e-commerce, which shows that trust is indeed a multiddimensional concept.
Abstract: Evidence suggests that consumers often hesitate to transact with Web-based vendors because of uncertainty about vendor behavior or the perceived risk of having personal information stolen by hackers. Trust plays a central role in helping consumers overcome perceptions of risk and insecurity. Trust makes consumers comfortable sharing personal information, making purchases, and acting on Web vendor advice--behaviors essential to widespread adoption of e-commerce. Therefore, trust is critical to both researchers and practitioners. Prior research on e-commerce trust has used diverse, incomplete, and inconsistent definitions of trust, making it difficult to compare results across studies. This paper contributes by proposing and validating measures for a multidisciplinary, multidimensional model of trust in e-commerce. The model includes four high-level constructs--disposition to trust, institution-based trust, trusting beliefs, and trusting intentions--which are further delineated into 16 measurable, literature-grounded subconstructs. The psychometric properties of the measures are demonstrated through use of a hypothetical, legal advice Web site. The results show that trust is indeed a multidimensional concept. Proposed relationships among the trust constructs are tested (for internal nomological validity), as are relationships between the trust constructs and three other e-commerce constructs (for external nomological validity)--Web experience, personal innovativeness, and Web site quality. Suggestions for future research as well as implications for practice are discussed.

4,526 citations


Cites background from "Determinants of Perceived Ease of U..."

  • ...This is not uncommon in TRA-based studies of technology acceptance (e.g., Agarwal and Prasad 1998, Karahanna et al. 1999, Venkatesh 1999, 2000)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), gender differences in the overlooked context of individual adoption and sustained usage of technology in the workplace are investigated.
Abstract: Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this research investigated gender differences in the overlooked context of individual adoption and sustained usage of technology in the workplace. User reactions and technology usage behavior were studied over a five-month period among 342 workers being introduced to a new software system. At all three points of measurement, compared to women, men's technology usage deci

4,026 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ajzen, 1985, 1987, this article reviewed the theory of planned behavior and some unresolved issues and concluded that the theory is well supported by empirical evidence and that intention to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior.

65,095 citations


"Determinants of Perceived Ease of U..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The importance of such a line of inquiry has been highlighted by recent research (Taylor and Todd 1995) focused on the determinant structure of key constructs in the Theory of Planned Behavior (see Ajzen 1985, 1991)....

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  • ...In IS (Taylor and Todd 1995) and psychology (Ajzen 1991), control has been treated as a perceptual construct since that is of greater interest (from a psychological perspective) than actual control when understanding behavior (see Ajzen 1991)....

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  • ...Control has been shown to have an effect on key dependent variables such as intention and behavior in a variety of domains (see Ajzen 1991 for a review)....

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01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Regression analyses suggest that perceived ease of use may actually be a causal antecdent to perceived usefulness, as opposed to a parallel, direct determinant of system usage.

40,975 citations


"Determinants of Perceived Ease of U..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

  • ...In the absence of specific knowledge, the heuristic suggests that individuals rely on general information that serves as an “anchor” and, in fact, individuals are often unable to ignore such anchoring...

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  • ...Specifically, Helson (1964) suggests that a subject’s response to a judgmental task is based on three aspects: (1) sum of the subject’s past experiences, (2) the context or background, and (3) the stimulus (see also Streitfeld and Wilson 1986)....

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  • ...In all studies at all points of measurement, the mean score of perceived voluntariness was greater than 6.0 on a 7-point scale with a standard deviation less than 0.5, supporting the idea that the users indeed saw the usage contexts to be voluntary....

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  • ...A significant body of research in information systems (IS) (e.g., Davis et al. 1989, Venkatesh 1999) and human-computer interaction (HCI) (e.g., Gould and Lewis 1985) has accumulated supporting the importance of such perceived ease of use on initial user acceptance and sustained usage of systems....

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  • ...This also follows from attitude/intention theories (Doll and Ajzen 1992; Fazio and Zanna 1978a, 1978b, 1981) and anxiety research (Cambre and Cook 1985), which suggests that actual behavioral experience shapes beliefs such as perceived ease of use....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and validated new scales for two specific variables, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance.
Abstract: Valid measurement scales for predicting user acceptance of computers are in short supply. Most subjective measures used in practice are unvalidated, and their relationship to system usage is unknown. The present research develops and validates new scales for two specific variables, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance. Definitions of these two variables were used to develop scale items that were pretested for content validity and then tested for reliability and construct validity in two studies involving a total of 152 users and four application programs. The measures were refined and streamlined, resulting in two six-item scales with reliabilities of .98 for usefulness and .94 for ease of use. The scales exhibited hgih convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Perceived usefulness was significnatly correlated with both self-reported current usage r = .63, Study 1) and self-predicted future usage r = .85, Study 2). Perceived ease of use was also significantly correlated with current usage r = .45, Study 1) and future usage r = .59, Study 2). In both studies, usefulness had a signficnatly greater correaltion with usage behavior than did ease of use. Regression analyses suggest that perceived ease of use may actually be a causal antecdent to perceived usefulness, as opposed to a parallel, direct determinant of system usage. Implications are drawn for future research on user acceptance.

40,720 citations

Book
01 Jun 1975

36,032 citations


"Determinants of Perceived Ease of U..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Perception of control was the key addition to the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980, Fishbein and Ajzen 1975) to arrive at the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen 1985)....

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  • ...TAM was adapted from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980, Fishbein and Ajzen 1975)....

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Book
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The authors described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: representativeness, availability of instances or scenarios, and adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available.
Abstract: This article described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: (i) representativeness, which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B; (ii) availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when people are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development; and (iii) adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available. These heuristics are highly economical and usually effective, but they lead to systematic and predictable errors. A better understanding of these heuristics and of the biases to which they lead could improve judgements and decisions in situations of uncertainty.

31,082 citations