Determination of banned azo dyes in consumer goods
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the state of development of analytical procedures for the determination of such azo dyes, which are banned by the European Commission, can be found.
Abstract: Azo dyes, extensively used for coloring a variety of consumer goods, such as leather, clothes, food, and toys, can under certain conditions be reduced to form confirmed or suspected carcinogenic aromatic amines. This article gives an overview of the state of development of analytical procedures for the determination of such azo dyes, which are banned by the European Commission.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various analytical techniques used in the analysis of azo dyes employed in food industries of different parts of the world is presented.
263 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the most important textile applications of environmental friendly plant-based products such as fibres, polysaccharides, dyes and pigments, polyphenols, oils and other biologically active compounds are highlighted.
260 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of ultrasound on natural colorant extraction from different potential dye yielding plant materials has been studied in comparison with magnetic stirring process as control, and the results indicate there is a significant 13-100% improvement in the extraction efficiency of the colorant obtained from different plant materials due to the use of ultrasound.
176 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was used for the detection of Sudan dyes (I, II, III and IV) in spiked chili powder samples from India, Pakistan, Mexico, United States, Canada and China.
166 citations
Cites methods from "Determination of banned azo dyes in..."
...A wide variety of analytical methodologies have been developed for the determination of Sudan dyes in foodstuffs (Ahlstrom et al., 2005; Puoci et al., 2005), but the most popular are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with optical (Cornet, Govaert, Moens, Van Loco, & Degroodt, 2006) or mass spectrometric (Ma, Luo, Chen, Su, & Yao, 2006) detection....
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...in products for human consumption (Ahlstrom et al., 2005)....
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TL;DR: This review focuses on general properties of the most frequently used organic ligands in cloud-point extraction and on literature data concerning the use of modern techniques in determination of metal ions' content in various materials.
158 citations
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TL;DR: Investigation on the mode of action of this class of chemicals, identified as heterocyclic amines (HCAs), found that HCAs induced cancer in rats in these organs and also in the prostate and the pancreas, and there is some evidence that they affect the vascular system.
Abstract: The carcinogenic risk of aromatic amines in humans was first discovered when a physician related the occurrence of urinary bladder cancer to the occupation of his patients. They were employed in the dyestuff industry, chronically exposed to large amounts of intermediate arylamines. Laboratory investigations disclosed that rats and mice administered specific azo dyes arylamines or derivatives developed cancer, primarily in the liver. Also, at that time, a possible pesticide, 2-aminofluorene, was tested for chronic toxicity, revealing that it rapidly induced cancers in several organs of rodents. This led to investigations on the mode of action of this class of chemicals, including their metabolic conversion. Biochemical activation to more reactive N-hydroxy compounds was found to occur, mostly in the liver, through what is now known as the cytochrome P450 enzyme systems, and also through prostaglandin synthetases. There were species differences. Guinea pigs were resistant to carcinogenesis because of the low titer of the necessary activating enzymes. In target tissues, a second essential reaction was necessary, namely acylation or sulfate ester formation. The reactive compounds produced display attributes of genotoxicity in appropriate test systems. Interest in this class of compounds increased when of Sugimura and colleagues discovered the formation of mutagens at the surface of cooked meat or fish, that were identified as heterocyclic amines (HCAs). These compounds undergo the same type of activation reactions, as do other arylamines. Epidemiological data suggest that meat eaters may have a higher risk of breast and colon cancer. HCAs induced cancer in rats in these organs and also in the prostate and the pancreas. In addition, there is some evidence that they affect the vascular system. The formation of HCAs during cooking can be decreased by natural and synthetic antioxidants, by tryptophan or proline, or by removing the essential creatine through brief microwave cooking prior to frying or broiling. The amounts of HCAs in cooked foods are small, but other components in diet such as ω-6-polyunsaturated oils have powerful promoting effects in target organs of HCAs. On the other hand, the action of HCAs may be decreased by foods containing antioxidants, such as vegetables, soy, and tea. Some constituents in foods also induce phase II enzymes that detoxify reactive HCA metabolites. Additional mechanisms involved decreased growth of neoplasms by intake of protective foods. Possibly, the carcinogenic effect of HCAs is accompanied by the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are also inhibited by antioxidants. World-wide, there have been many contributors to knowledge in this field. Adequate information may permit now to adjust lifestyle and lower the risk of human disease stemming from this entire class of aryl and HCA.
347 citations
TL;DR: The consistent observation of a difference between men and women in bladder cancer risk, after allowing for known risk factors, suggests consideration of gender-related biological determinants for future investigation.
Abstract: Epidemiological evidence on the relation between aromatic amines and cancer risk is reviewed. In particular, cancer risk in humans resulting from exposure to aromatic amines from occupational sources and tobacco smoking is assessed with reference to ecologic, cohort, and case-control studies. Seven arylamines have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer: benzidine-based dyes and MOCA (4,4'-methylene bis 2-choloroaniline) were considered 'probably' carcinogenic, Group 2A, because of a high level of evidence in experimental animals; two occupational chemicals (2-naphthylamine and benzidine), one drug (Chlornaphazine), and two manufacturing processes (manufacture of auramine and magenta) were included in Group 1 on the basis of 'sufficient' evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Occupational exposures to aromatic amines explain up to 25 percent of bladder cancers in some areas of Western countries; these estimates might be higher in limited areas of developing countries. Aromatic amines contaminate the ambient air as a component of environmental tobacco smoke. There is increasing evidence that the excess of bladder cancer in smokers is attributable to aromatic amines rather than to other contaminants of tobacco smoke such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). A modulating role in the risk of bladder cancer associated with exposure to aromatic amines is played by metabolic polymorphisms, such as the N-acetyltransferase genotype, raising important social and ethical issues. The consistent observation of a difference between men and women in bladder cancer risk, after allowing for known risk factors, suggests consideration of gender-related biological determinants for future investigation.
250 citations
TL;DR: No mutagenicity was induced in either TA98 or TA100 by any of the seven azo dyes or the reduced metabolites when tested at concentrations as high as 200 microg/plate, with or without exogenous metabolic activation by rat liver fraction S-9.
200 citations
TL;DR: The ability to cleave azo dyes seems to be widely distributed among human skin bacteria, as, under these in vitro conditions, bacteria isolated from healthy human skin and human skinacteria from strain collections also exhibited azo reductase activity.
Abstract: Azo dyes represent the major class of dyestuffs. They are metabolised to the corresponding amines by liver enzymes and the intestinal microflora following incorporation by both experimental animals and humans. For safety evaluation of the dermal exposure of consumers to azo dyes from wearing coloured textiles, a possible cleavage of azo dyes by the skin microflora should be considered since, in contrast to many dyes, aromatic amines are easily absorbed by the skin. A method for measuring the ability of human skin flora to reduce azo dyes was established. In a standard experiment, 3x10(11) cells of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus were incubated in synthetic sweat (pH 6.8, final volume 20 mL) at 28 degrees C for 24 h with Direct Blue 14 (C.I. 23850, DB 14). The reaction products were extracted and analysed using HPLC. The reduction product o-tolidine (3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, OT) could indeed be detected showing that the strain used was able to metabolise DB 14 to the corresponding aromatic amine. In addition to OT, two further metabolites of DB 14 were detected. Using mass spectrometry they were identified as 3,3'-dimethyl-4-amino-4'-hydroxybiphenyl and 3, 3'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. The ability to cleave azo dyes seems to be widely distributed among human skin bacteria, as, under these in vitro conditions, bacteria isolated from healthy human skin and human skin bacteria from strain collections also exhibited azo reductase activity. Further studies are in progress in order to include additional azo dyes and coloured textiles. At the moment, the meaning of the results with regard to consumer health cannot be finally assessed.
189 citations
01 May 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the carcinogenicity of aromatic amines metabolically produced from Azo Dyes and found that they are mutagenous and carcinogenous.
Abstract: (2000). Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of aromatic amines metabolically produced from Azo Dyes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 51-74.
155 citations