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Journal ArticleDOI

Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

TL;DR: The ability of DLLME technique in the extraction of other organic compounds such as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides and substituted benzene compounds were studied.
About: This article is published in Journal of Chromatography A.The article was published on 2006-05-26. It has received 2959 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Extraction (chemistry) & Aqueous two-phase system.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The obtained results show that simultaneous DLLME and derivatization combined with GC-ECD is a fast simple method for the determination of CPs in water samples.

344 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All aspects of sample preparation are considered, covering general extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet and pressurised liquid extraction, microextraction techniques such as liquid phase micro Extraction (LPME) and more selective techniques, including solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextractions (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE).

330 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes literature data from the past 5 years on new developments and/or applications of sample preparation methods for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC), mainly in air and water matrices.

316 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results showed that DLLME is a very simple, rapid, sensitive and efficient analytical method for the determination of trace amount of BPA in water samples and suitable results were obtained.

311 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple and rapid new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique (DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) was developed for the extraction and analysis of triazine herbicides from water samples.

307 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An analytical technique is described which combines solvent extraction with gas chromatographic (GC) analysis in a simple and inexpensive apparatus involving very little solvent consumption and is in good agreement with a convective-diffusive kinetic model.
Abstract: An analytical technique is described which combines solvent extraction with gas chromatographic (GC) analysis in a simple and inexpensive apparatus involving very little solvent consumption. A small drop (8 μL) of a water-immiscible organic solvent, containing an internal standard, is located at the end of a Teflon rod which is immersed in a stirred aqueous sample solution. After the solution has been stirred for a prescribed period of time, the probe is withdrawn from the aqueous solution, and the organic phase is sampled with a microsyringe and injected into the GC for quantification. The observed rate of solvent extraction is in good agreement with a convective−diffusive kinetic model. Analytically, the relative standard deviation of the method is 1.7% for a 5.00-min extraction of the analyte 4-methylacetophenone into n-octane.

1,191 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This unique microextraction system is simple and flexible, permits automated backwashing, consumes only microquantities of organic solvents, and is capable of being coupled with other analytical systems.
Abstract: An organic microdrop (∼1.3 μL) is suspended inside a flowing aqueous drop from which the analyte is extracted. The drop-in-drop system is achieved by a multitube assembly. The aqueous phase is continuously delivered to the outer drop and is aspirated away from the bottom meniscus of the drop. After the sampling/extraction period, a wash solution replaces the sample/reagent in the aqueous layer, resulting in a clear outer aqueous drop housing a colored organic drop containing the extracted material. This also results in an automatic backwash. The color intensity of the organic drop, related to the analyte concentration, is monitored by a light-emitting diode based absorbance detector. After the analytical cycle, the organic drop is removed and replaced by a new one. The performance of the system is illustrated with the determination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (a methylene blue active substance) extracted as an ion pair into chloroform. This unique microextraction system is simple and flexible, permits autom...

697 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two modes of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) were developed for capillary gas chromatography, i.e., static and dynamic LPME, which involve the use of very small amounts of organic solvent in a conventional microsyringe.
Abstract: Two modes of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) were developed for capillary gas chromatography. Both methodologies, i.e., static LPME and dynamic LPME, involve the use of very small amounts of organic solvent (<2 μL) in a conventional microsyringe. The performance of the two techniques is demonstrated in the determination of two chlorobenzenes extracted into a single drop of toluene by the use of a 10-μL syringe. Static LPME provided some enrichment (∼12-fold), good reproducibility (9.7%), and simplicity but suffered relatively long extraction time (15 min). Dynamic LPME provided higher (∼27-fold) enrichment within much shorter extraction time (∼3 min), and relatively poorer precision (12.8%), primarily due to repeated manual manipulation. Both methods allow the direct transfer of extracted analytes into a gas chromatograph.

648 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the amount of a sample compound extracted into a 1-μL drop of n-octane suspended in a stirred aqueous solution from the tip of a microsyringe needle.
Abstract: The amount of a sample compound extracted into a 1-μL drop of n-octane suspended in a stirred aqueous solution from the tip of a microsyringe needle is measured by gas chromatography (GC) as a function of time. The observed extraction rate curve is first order and yields the overall mass transfer coefficient for the sample compound, βo. For a given compound, βo varies linearly with stirring rate. Among the four compounds malathion, 4-methylacetophenone, 4-nitrotoluene, and progesterone, at a given stirring rate, βo is linearly proportional to the diffusion coefficient of the compound (Daq). This supports the film theory of convective−diffusive mass transfer, as opposed to the penetration theory. The relative standard deviation of the GC signal for 4-methylacetophenone after a 1.00 min extraction at 1500 rpm is 1.5%, which suggests that the system exhibits excellent potential as a tool for rapid analysis by solvent extraction/GC.

531 citations