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Journal ArticleDOI

Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

TL;DR: The ability of DLLME technique in the extraction of other organic compounds such as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides and substituted benzene compounds were studied.
About: This article is published in Journal of Chromatography A.The article was published on 2006-05-26. It has received 2959 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Extraction (chemistry) & Aqueous two-phase system.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review focuses on the extra steps in sample preparation for application of DLLME in different matrixes such as food, biological fluids and solid samples and its applications in conjunction with different extraction techniques such as solid-phase extraction, solidification of floating organic drop and supercritical fluid extraction are summarized.

851 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were high and ranged between 789-1070 and 78.9-107%, respectively, while the linear range was wide and limit of detections were very low and were between 3 to 20 pg/mL for most of the analytes.

826 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss liquid-phase microextraction with the focus on extraction principles, historical development and performance, and discuss the current trend towards simplification and miniaturization of sample preparation and decreasing the quantities of organic solvents used.
Abstract: The development of faster, simpler, inexpensive and more environmentally-friendly sample-preparation techniques is an important issue in chemical analysis. Recent research trends involve miniaturization of the traditional liquid-liquid-extraction principle by greatly reducing the acceptor-to-donor ratio. The current trend is towards simplification and miniaturization of sample preparation and decreasing the quantities of organic solvents used. We discuss liquid-phase microextraction with the focus on extraction principles, historical development and performance.

698 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: USAEME is proposed as an efficient, fast, simple and non-expensive alternative to other extraction techniques such as SPE, SPME and LPME for the analysis of environmental waters including bottled, tap, river, municipal swimming pool, sewage and seaport water samples.

513 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new and versatile liquid-phase microextraction method is described that is affordable, efficient, and convenient for extraction and determination of low concentrations of PAHs in water samples.

471 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the anionic surfactant sodium dodecane sulphonic acid (SDSA) was used for the extraction and preconcentration of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) classified as priority pollutants by the EPA from water samples (network supply, underground and river).

84 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the efficiency of modified pencil lead as a new fiber for solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been investigated, and the results obtained prove the suitability of the proposed fibers for sampling organic compounds from water.
Abstract: The efficiency of modified pencil lead as a new fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been investigated. Modified pencil lead fibers have been prepared by use of several activation processes, for example heating at 600 °C in the stream of inert gas (He), heating under reflux with concentrated H2SO4 , fusing with NaOH at 400 °C, and activation at 600 °C with water vapor for 60 min. The fibers were used for extraction of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from aqueous samples. Monitoring of extracted compounds and quantitative analysis of model samples were performed by capillary GC–FID. The results obtained prove the suitability of the proposed fibers for sampling organic compounds from water. Effects on extraction efficiency of factors such as temperature, salting out, stirring speed, and exposure time were studied. Under optimum conditions and using one fiber for extraction of naphthalene as a typical compound, a relative standard deviation of 5.3% (n=7) was achieved. The calibration plot was linear in the range 50–10,000 pg mL−1 (r=0.9997) and the detection limit was 25 pg mL−1 (S/N=3). This fiber is very stable at high temperature, inexpensive, and can be prepared simply.

81 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory-made fused silica fiber coated with a porous layer of activated charcoal (PLAC) was used as a new microsolid phase in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) mode for sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the headspace of water samples.

68 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2000-Analyst
TL;DR: In this article, a method was developed to determine those metal chelates deposited in a microdroplet on filter-paper using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and the recovery of each metal was ca. 83-100%.
Abstract: Homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction with perfluorooctanate ion (PFOA–) was utilized for the preconcentration of certain types of metal chelates, such as diethyldithiocarbamate, 1,10-phenanthroline and desferrioxamine B. Under the experimental conditions {i.e., [PFOA−]T = 6.0 × 10−3 mol l−1, [acetone]T = 2.0 vol%, [HCl]T=0.72 mol l−1, room temperature}, the maximum concentration factor was 500-fold. A method was then developed to determine those metal chelates deposited in a microdroplet on filter-paper using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. As a result, when three types of chelating agent were used together in the process, 15 metal ions [Ti(IV), Zr(IV), V(V), Nb(V), Ta(V), W(VI), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), Cu(II), Au(III), Hg(II), Bi(III) and Se(IV)] were simultaneously determined. The recovery of each metal was ca. 83–100%, except for W(VI) which was 60.2%. The calibration curves for each metal ion were linear over the range from 5.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol l−1. The detection limits were at the 10−8 mol l−1 level and the relative standard deviations were below 5%.

49 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2001-Analyst
TL;DR: The proposed method was applied to the highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric determination of Trp in animalin-L syrup and the results were satisfactory.
Abstract: Twenty-one amino acids were derivatized with fluorescamine (FLA) under basic conditions (pH 9) and the extraction of the amino acid–FLA derivatives was investigated using a homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction with perfluorooctanoic acid (HPFOA) based on phase separation under strongly acidic conditions. Under the optimum concentration conditions for the reagents ([PFOA]T = 3 × 10−3 mol dm−3, [acetone]T = 3 vol.%, [HCl]T = 1.8 mol dm−3), the concentration factor was approximately 1000-fold (i.e., 30 μl of the sedimented liquid phase was produced from 33 ml of the homogeneous aqueous solution). The percentage extraction (E) was determined for the 21 amino acid–FLA derivatives; the value for the tryptophan (Trp)–FLA derivative was 80.9%, whereas the other derivatives were not almost extracted (E < 0.4%). The Trp–FLA derivative was selective for the extraction using the homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction method with HPFOA. After the sedimented liquid phase containing Trp–FLA has been placed on a polytetrafluoroethylene filter-paper, the fluorescence intensity was determined using a spectrofluorimeter with filter-paper as the solid-sample holder. The calibration graph of Trp was linear over the range 1.0 × 10−8–1.5 × 10−6 mol dm−3. The relative standard deviation for the central value of the calibration graph was 4.5% (five determinations) and the detection limit (S/N=3) was 8.9 × 10−9 mol dm−3. When the proposed method was applied to the highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric determination of Trp in animalin-L syrup, the results were satisfactory.

40 citations