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Journal Article

Determination of the photosynthetic capacity of grapevine leaves

22 Oct 2015-Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research-Vol. 30, Iss: 2, pp 49
TL;DR: To avoid reduction of photosynthesis by photoinhibition it is proposed to minimize the duration of exposure of leaves to high light and to reduce light intensity to values where photosynthesis begins to reach light saturation.
Abstract: At fully irrigated, container-grown vines (cv. Riesling) kept outdoor, measurements of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of leaves were performed in the morning and in the afternoon. The results revealed reductions of the photosynthetic capacity (maximal net photosynthesis at saturating light conditions and at saturating CO 2 partial pressure) in the afternoon. This observation was associated with a higher sensitivity of stomata to CO 2 in the afternoon: 0.0016-mu-bar-1 in the morning, 0.0046-mu-bar-1 in the afternoon. Due to inhibition of photorespiration determinations of photosynthetic capacity in the morning at 1-2% O 2 revealed maximal values at lower CO 2 partial pressures and, thereby, at maximal stomatal conductance. These values, corrected for photorespiration, were close to those obtained at ambient O 2 and high CO 2 partial pressures. Thus, it is assumed that in our experiments stomata did not limit the rates of photosynthesis which were determined in the morning. To avoid reduction of photosynthesis by photoinhibition it is proposed to minimize the duration of exposure of leaves to high light and to reduce light intensity to values where photosynthesis begins to reach light saturation.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, changes in primarily microclimate profiles and vine physiological behaviour with different row orientations were studied on a flat terrain in a semi-arid environment with the purpose of aiding vineyard management decisions and practices for production of grapes and wine.

50 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Photosynthesis responded similar to individual leaf age as to leaf position, and was linearly related to c i up to non-limiting conductances for sun and shade leaves, for all ages and at all times during the season.
Abstract: The relationship of photosynthesis (A) of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) sun and shade leaves of primary and secondary (lateral) shoots to insertion level was investigated over two seasons in the field. The leaf plastochron index (LPI) was used to denote leaf position on the shoot. Additionally, laboratory and field measurements of the response of A to CO 2 were conducted. An empirical model was developed to estimate carboxylation efficiency (CE) and stomatal limitations (1) of A. In sun leaves, the relationship of A to LPI changed little until the end of the season (October), whereas stomatal conductance (g) and the intercellular partial pressure of CO 2 (c i ) increased. Leaves acclimated to low light and leaves older than LPI 5 had 30 % lower A and were operating at a slightly higher ci as sun leaves. During September and October, lateral leaves had highest rates of CO 2 assimilation and CE. In mid-October, A and g decreased rapidly and simultaneously for all leaf types, leaf positions and both treatments (sun and shade). Photosynthesis responded similar to individual leaf age as to leaf position. A was linearly related to c i up to non-limiting conductances for sun and shade leaves, for all ages and at all times during the season. The CE and 1 were highest at the beginning of the season and strongly dependent on leaf position. Stomatal limitation declined continuously from about 55 % at the beginning to about 23 and 18 % for sun and shade leaves, respectively, at the end of the season.

46 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Dry matter production was linearly related to stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and the night respiration to photosynthesis ratio for all vines pooled together, in contrast, under stress conditions drymatter production was not related to any physiological parameter.
Abstract: Predawn leaf water potential, night respiration, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis of 4 grapevine cultivars were assessed under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in July, August and September 1994. Predawn leaf water potential was not significantly related to either stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. Water stress induced distinct stomatal closure in all cultivars at 11 a.m. For a given stomatal conductance rate, photosynthesis of stressed vines was lower than that of nonstressed vines. At similar stomatal conductance rate, photosynthesis was lower in cv. Chardonnay than in any other cultivar. Photosynthesis was the physiological parameter mostly affected by water stress. Dry matter production was linearly related to stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and the night respiration to photosynthesis ratio for all vines pooled together. In contrast, under stress conditions dry matter production was not related to any physiological parameter.

33 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that both stomatal and mesophyll conductance are involved in the adaptation of the CO 2 supply to the CO 2 demand at the site of carboxylation in chloroplasts.
Abstract: From simultaneous determination of net CO 2 assimilation and transpiration at the abaxial side and of the photosynthetic electron transport rate at the adaxial side of fieldgrown, light-saturated leaves of grapevine (cv. Riesling) photorespiration, stomatal conductance for CO2, mesophyll conductance and the CO 2 concentration in intercellular spaces (Ci) and in chloroplasts (Cc) were estimated. CO 2 assimilation was saturated at about Ci = 340 ppm. At increasing ambient CO 2 concentration (Ca) photorespiration decreased (less negative values); stomatal conductance decreased significantly (- 45 %) limiting CO2 uptake into intercellular spaces. Rates of total photosynthetic electron transport were constant between Ci = 340 and 800 ppm and decreased by 34 % at low Ci. Electron flow to carboxylation was closely correlated to CO 2 assimilation rates (R 2 = 0.999). When Ca was raised, the CO 2 concentration in chloroplasts (Cc) increased but at smaller rates than Ci. Presumably due to the distinct decline of the mesophyll conductance Cc remained constant at Ci >340 ppm. At Ca = 400 ppm the Cc/Ca ratio was 0.46 - 0.48, corroborating data reported for other species (CORNIC and FRESNEAU 2002). At 2 % ambient O 2 and 400 ppm CO 2 decreased rates of photorespiration (- 69 %) were associated with a decline of total photosynthetic electron flow (- 6 %); higher stomatal and mesophyll conductances, however, led to increases of Cc and CO2 assimilation rates (+ 49 %). It is hypothesized that both stomatal and mesophyll conductance are involved in the adaptation of the CO 2 supply to the CO 2 demand at the site of carboxylation in chloroplasts.

31 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Jun 2020-OENO One
TL;DR: In this article, changes in soil conditions, multi-level (vertical, horizontal) light interception (quantitative, photographic, schematic, 3D modelled), leaf water potential and photosynthetic activity were measured during the grape ripening period on NS, EW, NE-SW, and NW-SE orientated (Southern Hemisphere) vertically trellised Shiraz grapevine canopies.
Abstract: Terroir factors and vineyard practices largely determine canopy and root system functioning. In this study, changes in soil conditions, multi-level (vertical, horizontal) light interception (quantitative, photographic, schematic, 3D modelled), leaf water potential and photosynthetic activity were measured during the grape ripening period on NS, EW, NE-SW, and NW-SE orientated (Southern Hemisphere) vertically trellised Shiraz grapevine canopies. It was hypothesised that the spatial radiation interception angle and radiation distribution of differently orientated and vertically trained grapevine rows would affect soil conditions and vine physiological activity. Soil water content showed an increase and soil temperature a decreasing gradient with soil depth. In the afternoon, soil layers of EW orientated rows reached their highest temperature. This, along with measured photosynthetic active radiation received by canopies, complimented the diurnally-captured photographic, constructed and 3D modelled images (also schematically) of canopy and soil exposure patterns. The top, bottom and outside of NS canopies mainly received radiation from directly above, from the E and the W; during midday, high radiation was only received from above. The EW rows received the highest radiation component from above and from the N. The NE-SW rows received high levels of radiation from above, from the SE until 10:00, and from the NW from 13:00. A similar profile can be described for NW-SE rows, but with high radiation received from the NE up to 13:00 and from the SW from 16:00. Overall, lowest leaf water potential occurred for NE-SW canopies, followed by those orientated NW-SE, NS and EW. Photosynthetic activity reflected the positive radiation impact of the sun azimuth during the grape ripening period; best overall performance seemed to occur for E and N exposed canopy sides. This was largely driven by the responsiveness of the secondary leaves to radiation. Photosynthetic output decreased from apical to basal canopy zones with low, erratic values in the light-limited canopy centre. The NS and EW orientated canopies generally showed the highest average photosynthesis, while it was lower for the sides facing S, SE and SW. The results provide a better understanding of the physiological functioning of horizontal and vertical leaf layers in differently orientated grapevine canopies, as affected by climatic conditions. The study contributes to the longstanding challenges of capturing the complexity of parallel microclimatic and physiological output of grapevine canopies under open field conditions. The results can be directly applied to the selection of vineyard practices and seasonal management to ensure the attainment of yield, grape composition and wine quality objectives.

18 citations


Cites background from "Determination of the photosynthetic..."

  • ...…studied over the years includes different varieties, trellising systems and environmental conditions (Kriedemann, 1968; Pandy and Farmahan, 1977; Hunter and Visser, 1989; Düring, 1991; Chaumont et al., 1994; Hunter et al., 1994; Naor and Wample, 1994; Hunter, 1998; Zufferey et al., 1999)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1981-Planta
TL;DR: It was found that the response of the rate of CO2 Assimilation to irradiance, partial pressure of O2, p(O2), and temperature was different at low and high intercellular p(CO2), suggesting that CO2 assimilation rate is governed by different processes at lowand high inter cellular p (CO2).
Abstract: A series of experiments is presented investigating short term and long term changes of the nature of the response of rate of CO2 assimilation to intercellular p(CO2). The relationships between CO2 assimilation rate and biochemical components of leaf photosynthesis, such as ribulose-bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase-oxygenase activity and electron transport capacity are examined and related to current theory of CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. It was found that the response of the rate of CO2 assimilation to irradiance, partial pressure of O2, p(O2), and temperature was different at low and high intercellular p(CO2), suggesting that CO2 assimilation rate is governed by different processes at low and high intercellular p(CO2). In longer term changes in CO2 assimilation rate, induced by different growth conditions, the initial slope of the response of CO2 assimilation rate to intercellular p(CO2) could be correlated to in vitro measurements of RuP2 carboxylase activity. Also, CO2 assimilation rate at high p(CO2) could be correlated to in vitro measurements of electron transport rate. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CO2 assimilation rate is limited by the RuP2 saturated rate of the RuP2 carboxylase-oxygenase at low intercellular p(CO2) and by the rate allowed by RuP2 regeneration capacity at high intercellular p(CO2).

4,385 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rate of photorespiration as a proportion of the rate of photosynthesis will fall to one half the current rate when the CO2 level in the atmosphere doubles.
Abstract: Photorespiration is the light-dependent evolution of CO2, which accompanies photosynthesis in C3plants. The four best known methods of measuring the rate of photorespiration have theoretical or technical problems, which make the results unreliable. However, the rate of photorespiration can be calculated from the rate of net CO2assimilation and the partial pressures of CO2and O2. Estimates of rates of photorespiration in the past and future can be made. The rate of photorespiration as a proportion of the rate of photosynthesis will fall to one half the current rate when the CO2level in the atmosphere doubles.

457 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1984-Planta
TL;DR: Constant internal CO2 may aid in minimizing photoinhibition during stomatal closure at midday, and the effects on capacity, slope, and compensation point were reversed by lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity in the afternoon.
Abstract: The carbon-dioxide response of photosynthesis of leaves of Quercus suber, a sclerophyllous species of the European Mediterranean region, was studied as a function of time of day at the end of the summer dry season in the natural habitat. To examine the response experimentally, a "standard" time course for temperature and humidity, which resembled natural conditions, was imposed on the leaves, and the CO2 pressure external to the leaves on subsequent days was varied. The particular temperature and humidity conditions chosen were those which elicited a strong stomatal closure at midday and the simultaneous depression of net CO2 uptake. Midday depression of CO2 uptake is the result of i) a decrease in CO2-saturated photosynthetic capacity after light saturation is reached in the early morning, ii) a decrease in the initial slope of the CO2 response curve (carboxylation efficiency), and iii) a substantial increase in the CO2 compensation point caused by an increase in leaf temperature and a decrease in humidity. As a consequence of the changes in photosynthesis, the internal leaf CO2 pressure remained essentially constant despite stomatal closure. The effects on capacity, slope, and compensation point were reversed by lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity in the afternoon. Constant internal CO2 may aid in minimizing photoinhibition during stomatal closure at midday. The results are discussed in terms of possible temperature, humidity, and hormonal effects on photosynthesis.

210 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1989-Planta
TL;DR: During the “midday depression” of net CO2 exchange in the mediterranean sclerophyllous shrub Arbutus unedo, examined in the field in Portugal during August of 1987, several parameters indicative of photosynthetic competence were strongly and reversibly affected.
Abstract: During the “midday depression” of net CO2 exchange in the mediterranean sclerophyllous shrub Arbutus unedo, examined in the field in Portugal during August of 1987, several parameters indicative of photosynthetic competence were strongly and reversibly affected. These were the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II, measured as the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence, as well as the photon yield and the capacity of photosynthetic O2 evolution at 10% CO2, of which the apparent photon yield of O2 evolution was most depressed. Furthermore, there was a strong and reversible increase in the content of the carotenoid zeaxanthin in the leaves that occurred at the expense of both violaxanthin and β-carotene. Diurnal changes in fluorescence characteristics were interpreted to indicate three concurrent effects on the photochemical system. First, an increase in the rate of radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll, reflected by changes in 77K fluorescence of PSII and PSI as well as in chlorophyll a fluorescence at ambient temperature. Second, a state shift characterized by an increase in the proportion of energy distributed to PSI as reflected by changes in PSI fluorescence. Third, an effect lowering the photon yield of O2 evolution and PSII fluorescence at ambient temperature without affecting PSII fluorescence at 77K which would be expected from a decrease in the activity of the water splitting enzyme system, i.e. a donor side limitation.

200 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Les caracteristiques photosynthetiques des feuilles exposees a des densites de flux de photons fortes and moderees ont ete comparees afin de comprendre le role d'une exposition prolongee a une forte luminosite.
Abstract: Recherche des causes de la diminution des echanges gazeux l'apres-midi chez la vigne. Apres avoir verifie que cette diminution de l'activite photosynthetique avait bien lieu dans les feuilles de plantes correctement arrosees et en absence de stress dus a la temperature ou a l'humidite de l'air; les caracteristiques photosynthetiques des feuilles exposees a des densites de flux de photons fortes et moderees ont ete comparees afin de comprendre le role d'une exposition prolongee a une forte luminosite

120 citations