Determination of the Structure of the Atmosphere between 90 and 250 km by means of Contaminant Releases at Woomera, May 1968
17 Feb 1972-Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (The Royal Society)-Vol. 271, Iss: 1218, pp 631-663
TL;DR: In this article, a series of measurements of neutral atmospheric wind velocity, turbulent structure, temperature and density were made during each launch between 90 and 250 km altitude, combining the experimental techniques of the two groups involved.
Abstract: Two Skylark rockets were launched from Woomera rocket range, Australia (31 degrees S) on the morning and evening of 31 May 1968. Coordinated series of measurements of neutral atmospheric wind velocity, turbulent structure, temperature and density were made during each launch between 90 and 250 km altitude, combining the experimental techniques of the two groups involved. This paper attempts to construct from the combined measurements made on these occasions a dynamic picture of the interactions of atmospheric structure, and to relate the observations to previous results obtained by ourselves and other workers.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of HF partial reflections from the ionospheric D region at 2 and 6 MHz has been made near Adelaide, Australia (35°S, 138°E).
Abstract: Simultaneous comparisons of HF partial reflections from the ionospheric D region at 2 and 6 MHz have been made near Adelaide, Australia (35°S, 138°E). Echoes generally come from preferred heights, and these heights were the same on both frequencies. By accurately calibrating the receiving and transmitting systems used, it has been possible to compare effective voltage reflection coefficients at these two frequencies and hence provide further evidence that specular reflection processes are the primary means of scatter below about 75–80 km. At heights above 80 km, processes other than specular reflection appear to be important. Turbulent scatter may make a major contribution to the observed strengths, but this cannot yet be proved unambiguously. At 6 MHz, very little scatter was received from heights above 90 km, while strong echoes are usually observed at 2 MHz. This suggests that scales of 25 m are within the viscous range of turbulence at heights above 90 km.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of transmitter beamwidths are investigated, confirm- ing the suggestions of previous authors that wide transmit beam widths lead to an overestimation of the turbulent veloc- ity.
Abstract: This paper investigates turbulent velocity esti- mation using the full correlation analysis (FCA) of spaced antenna (SA) data, and its application to the routine FCA observations of the Buckland Park MF (BPMF) radar. The effects of transmitter beamwidths are investigated, confirm- ing the suggestions of previous authors that wide transmit beam widths lead to an overestimation of the turbulent veloc- ity. The annual variation of the turbulent velocity is investi- gated, revealing an increase in turbulent velocity with height, and equinoctal minima and solstice maxima observed below 80 km. Investigations of the turbulent velocities about the March diurnal tide maximum reveals a diurnal variation in phase with the zonal velocity. Harmonic analysis reveals this relationship exists between February and September. De- scending power layers are also observed during this period. A number of mechanisms are proposed to describe these ob- servations.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a rocket-borne Langmuir probe was used to obtain measurements of the fine structure of the D-region electron density, and the results showed a small ledge at ~ 81 km, a large and rapid increase in electron density at 83-85 km, and a region of rapid fluctuation at ~92 km.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the analysis of the barium cloud released over Thumba at an altitude 93 km is presented, where a strong north-south wind shear of 30 m/s/km and a vertical wind gradient are observed which explain the distortion of the initial rings into the loops.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a quasi-point heating model was proposed to generate gravity wave induced by the terminator crossing constituent inhomogeneities of short lifetime, and the largest amplitude must appear vertically above the source, where the perturbation frequency is close to the Vaisala-Brunt frequency.
27 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1954
TL;DR: Molecular theory of gases and liquids as mentioned in this paper, molecular theory of gas and liquids, Molecular theory of liquid and gas, molecular theories of gases, and liquid theory of liquids, مرکز
Abstract: Molecular theory of gases and liquids , Molecular theory of gases and liquids , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
11,807 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1953
TL;DR: In this article, the kinematics of the field of homogeneous turbulence and the universal equilibrium theory of decay of the energy-containing eddies are discussed. But the authors focus on the dynamics of decay and not on the probability distribution of u(x).
Abstract: Preface 1 Introduction 2 Mathematics representation of the field of turbulence 3 The kinematics of homogeneous turbulence 4 Some linear problems 5 General dynamics of decay 6 The universal equilibrium theory 7 Decay of the energy-containing eddies 8 The probability distribution of u(x) Bibliography of research on homogeneous turbulence Index
3,121 citations
TL;DR: In an earlier paper as mentioned in this paper, values of exospheric density were obtained from the orbit of Echo 2 for the years 1964-1965, and the results indicated a semi-annual variation in density by a factor of between 2 and 3, considerably larger than predicted by existing atmospheric models.
17 citations
15 citations