Deterministic Assembly of Functional Nanostructures Using Nonuniform Electric Fields
TL;DR: This review discusses the origin of this force, its production by different microelectrode designs, and its use for nanomaterials assembly, with a focus on efforts toward heterogeneous integration with on-chip electronics for single-particle characterization and device structures.
Abstract: The force induced on anisotropic nanoparticles in a nonuniform electric field can be used to attract, orient, and position the nanoparticles with respect to microelectrodes on a surface For polarizable nanomaterials, such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, or graphene sheets suspended in solvent, this dielectrophoretic force results in movement to regions of highest electric field strength This review discusses the origin of this force, its production by different microelectrode designs, and its use for nanomaterials assembly, with a focus on efforts toward heterogeneous integration with on-chip electronics for single-particle characterization and device structures
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TL;DR: A brief history of microgel-based colloidal dispersions is reviewed and their transition from tunable hard spheres to a class of soft matter that has revealed a landscape of physics and chemistry notable for its extraordinary richness and diversity is discussed.
Abstract: Colloidal dispersions have been studied for decades as a result of their utility in numerous applications and as models for molecular and atomic condensed phases. More recently, a number of groups have exploited in such studies submicrometer-sized hydrogel particles (microgels) that have environmentally tunable sizes. The experimental convenience of tuning the dispersion's colloidal volume fraction while maintaining a constant number density of particles provides a clear advantage over more tedious studies that employ traditional hard-sphere particles. However, as studies delved deeper into the fundamental physics of colloidal dispersions comprising microgel particles, it became abundantly clear that a microgel's utility as a tunable hard sphere was limited and that the impact of softness was more profound than previously appreciated. Herein we review the brief history of microgel-based colloidal dispersions and discuss their transition from tunable hard spheres to a class of soft matter that has revealed a landscape of physics and chemistry notable for its extraordinary richness and diversity.
226 citations
TL;DR: The SSAW-based nanowire-patterning technique presented here possesses several advantages over alternative patterning approaches, including high versatility, tunability, and efficiency, making it promising for device applications.
Abstract: Patterning of nanowires in a controllable, tunable manner is important for the fabrication of functional nanodevices Here we present a simple approach for tunable nanowire patterning using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW) This technique allows for the construction of large-scale nanowire arrays with well-controlled patterning geometry and spacing within 5 s In this approach, SSAWs were generated by interdigital transducers, which induced a periodic alternating current (ac) electric field on the piezoelectric substrate and consequently patterned metallic nanowires in suspension The patterns could be deposited onto the substrate after the liquid evaporated By controlling the distribution of the SSAW field, metallic nanowires were assembled into different patterns including parallel and perpendicular arrays The spacing of the nanowire arrays could be tuned by controlling the frequency of the surface acoustic waves Additionally, we observed 3D spark-shaped nanowire patterns in the SSAW field The
133 citations
TL;DR: Using a ubiquitous electronic device - the field-effect transistor - as a platform, colloidal nanomaterials in three electronic material categories are reviewed systematically: semiconductors, conductors, and dielectrics and a comparative analysis reveals promising opportunities and remaining challenges, thereby providing a roadmap for future research and development.
Abstract: Artificial solids and thin films assembled from colloidal nanomaterials give rise to versatile properties that can be exploited in a range of technologies. In particular, solution-based processes allow for the large-scale and low-cost production of nanoelectronics on rigid or mechanically flexible substrates. To achieve this goal, several processing steps require careful consideration, including nanomaterial synthesis or exfoliation, purification, separation, assembly, hybrid integration, and device testing. Using a ubiquitous electronic device – the field-effect transistor – as a platform, colloidal nanomaterials in three electronic material categories are reviewed systematically: semiconductors, conductors, and dielectrics. The resulting comparative analysis reveals promising opportunities and remaining challenges for colloidal nanomaterials in electronic applications, thereby providing a roadmap for future research and development.
98 citations
TL;DR: Heterogeneous integration of III–V devices, MEMS and other dissimilar materials with Si CMOS enables a new class of high-performance integrated circuits that enhance the capabilities of existing systems, enable new circuit architectures and facilitate the continued proliferation of low-cost micro-/nano-electronics for a wide range of applications.
Abstract: Advances in silicon technology continue to revolutionize micro-/nano-electronics. However, Si cannot do everything, and devices/components based on other materials systems are required. What is the best way to integrate these dissimilar materials and to enhance the capabilities of Si, thereby continuing the micro-/nano-electronics revolution? In this paper, I review different approaches to heterogeneously integrate dissimilar materials with Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In particular, I summarize results on the successful integration of III–V electronic devices (InP heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs)) with Si CMOS on a common silicon-based wafer using an integration/fabrication process similar to a SiGe BiCMOS process (BiCMOS integrates bipolar junction and CMOS transistors). Our III–V BiCMOS process has been scaled to 200 mm diameter wafers for integration with scaled CMOS and used to fabricate radio-frequency (RF) and mixed signals circuits with on-chip digital control/calibration. I also show that RF microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can be integrated onto this platform to create tunable or reconfigurable circuits. Thus, heterogeneous integration of III–V devices, MEMS and other dissimilar materials with Si CMOS enables a new class of high-performance integrated circuits that enhance the capabilities of existing systems, enable new circuit architectures and facilitate the continued proliferation of low-cost micro-/nano-electronics for a wide range of applications.
82 citations
Cites methods from "Deterministic Assembly of Functiona..."
...One approach showing significant promise is the electrostatic assisted self-assembly technique being developed at Penn State [37]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a colloidal synthesis and electrical properties of GeSe nanobelts were reported, which were synthesized by first heating a one-pot reaction mixture of GeI4, TOP-Se, oleylamine, oleic acid, and hexamethyldisilazane to 320 °C.
Abstract: GeSe is a narrow band gap IV–VI semiconductor that has been attracting increasing attention as a potential alternative material for photovoltaics, along with other optical and electrical applications. However, unlike several other narrow band gap chalcogenide semiconductors, very few examples of GeSe nanostructures have been reported. One-dimensional nanostructures are particularly attractive, because they can serve as building blocks for nanostructured electronic devices. As a step toward both increasing the morphological diversity of GeSe nanomaterials and expanding the library of electronic materials that are accessible as one-dimensional nanostructures, we report here the colloidal synthesis and electrical properties of GeSe nanobelts. The GeSe nanobelts were synthesized by first heating a one-pot reaction mixture of GeI4, TOP-Se, oleylamine, oleic acid, and hexamethyldisilazane to 320 °C, then adding additional TOP-Se and heating for several additional hours. Aliquot studies revealed that an amorphou...
81 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive overview of electrode processes and their application in the field of chemical simulation, including potential sweep and potential sweep methods, coupled homogeneous chemical reactions, double-layer structure and adsorption.
Abstract: Major Symbols. Standard Abbreviations. Introduction and Overview of Electrode Processes. Potentials and Thermodynamics of Cells. Kinetics of Electrode Reactions. Mass Transfer by Migration and Diffusion. Basic Potential Step Methods. Potential Sweep Methods. Polarography and Pulse Voltammetry. Controlled--Current Techniques. Method Involving Forced Convention--Hydrodynamic Methods. Techniques Based on Concepts of Impedance. Bulk Electrolysis Methods. Electrode Reactions with Coupled Homogeneous Chemical Reactions. Double--Layer Structure and Adsorption. Electroactive Layers and Modified Electrodes. Electrochemical Instrumentation. Scanning Probe Techniques. Spectroelectrochemistry and Other Coupled Characterization Methods. Photoelectrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Appendix A: Mathematical Methods. Appendix B: Digital Simulations of Electrochemical Problems. Appendix C: Reference Tables. Index.
20,533 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of electrochemical methods and their applications, focusing on the following categories: electrochemical water treatment methods, electrochemical method fundamentals and applications, and student solutions manual.
Abstract: Electroanalytical methods colorado state university. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods student solutions manual. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods student solutions manual. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. customer reviews electrochemical methods. electrochemical water treatment methods sciencedirect. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods student solutions manual. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods 2nd edition textbook solutions. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications. electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications
5,804 citations
"Deterministic Assembly of Functiona..." refers background in this paper
...Although nanowires can experience a net DEP force and torque under nonuniform direct current (DC) electric fields, alternating current (AC) fields are preferred to minimize screening of the applied voltage and of the induced electric dipole by the double layer in the liquid medium (35)....
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TL;DR: Graphene and its derivatives are being studied in nearly every field of science and engineering as mentioned in this paper, and recent progress has shown that the graphene-based materials can have a profound impact on electronic and optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, nanocomposites and energy storage.
3,118 citations
Book•
02 Dec 2009TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed account of the electromechanical interactions that govern the behaviour of small particles when an electric or magnetic field is present is presented, with numerous real-world examples.
Abstract: Small particles in the size range from one micron to one millimetre are increasingly important in today's technological world. They serve as workhorses in many mechanisms and devices - from electrostatic copiers to fluidised beds. A more recent development involves the characterisation and manipulation of individual cells and DNA molecules. Particulates can also be a hazard, for example, particulate pollution. Because all particles have electrical and magnetic properties associated with their shape and the materials of which they are constituted, they experience forces and torques when subjected to electric and/or magnetic fields. This book offers a lucid account of the electromechanical interactions that govern the behaviour of particles when an electric or magnetic field is present. With numerous real-world examples, the book should interest a wide range of scientists and engineers.
2,468 citations
"Deterministic Assembly of Functiona..." refers background in this paper
..., conducting/insulating) of interest (31, 36, 37)....
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...Applying this assumption, it has been shown that the time-averaged force on a particle can be expressed as (31, 36) Favg = ε1Re{K f }∇| E|2, (3) where is a parameter that depends on the geometry of the particle (e....
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...When the length of the wire is much smaller than the length scale over which the field varies appreciably, Equation 1a can be approximated by (31, 36) F = ( p · ∇) E, (2) where p is the effective dipole moment induced on the particle given by p = q d , and d is the displacement vector pointing from q+ to q−....
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