Development and characterization of gelatin-tamarind gum/carboxymethyl tamarind gum based phase-separated hydrogels: A comparative study
TL;DR: The drug-loaded hydrogels showed good antimicrobial activity and the drug release from the Hydrogels was pH dependent and diffusion mediated and exhibited good mucoadhesivity, biocompatibility, and pH-dependent swelling behavior.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to synthesize and characterize gelatin and tamarind gum (TG)/carboxymethyl tamarind (CMT) gum-based phase-separated hydrogels. The hydrogels were thoroughly characterized using bright-field microscope, FTIR spectroscope, differential scanning calorimeter, mechanical tester, and impedance analyzer. The mucoadhesivity, biocompatibility, and swelling property of the hydrogels were also evaluated. The antimicrobial efficiency of ciprofloxacin (model antimicrobial drug) loaded hydrogels was studied against E. coli. The in vitro drug release was carried out in both gastric and intestinal pHs. Microstructural analysis suggested the formation of phase-separated hydrogels. FTIR studies suggested that CMT gum altered the secondary structure of the gelatin molecules. Presence of the polysaccharides within the hydrogels resulted in the increase in the enthalpy and entropy for evaporation of the moisture from the hydrogels. The mechanical studies indicated viscoelastic nature of the hy...
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TL;DR: Tamarind seed polysaccharide is an emerging excipient, which is beingused and investigated for the preparation of various dosage forms like suspensions, emulsions, tablets, gels, creams, beads, spheroids, microparticles, nanoparticles, ophthalmic preparations, and buccal patches.
Abstract: Currently, various plant polysaccharides have been studied for their diverse applications as excipients like binders, granulating agents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, suspending agents, gelling agents, mucoadhesive agents, matrix-formers, release retardants, enteric resistants, etc., in various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Among these, tamarind seed polysaccharide is an emerging excipient, which is beingused and investigated for the preparation of various dosage forms like suspensions, emulsions, tablets, gels, creams, beads, spheroids, microparticles, nanoparticles, ophthalmic preparations, and buccal patches, etc. The current chapter deals with a comprehensive and useful discussion on pharmaceutical applications of tamarind seed polysaccharide withits some important features like source, isolation, chemical composition and properties.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize and characterize citric acid crosslinked hydrogel films of carboxymethyl cellulose-tamarind gum for topical drug delivery.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize citric acid crosslinked hydrogel films of carboxymethyl cellulose-tamarind gum for topical drug delivery. The hydrogel films were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, solid state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter. The prepared hydrogel films were evaluated for the carboxyl content and equilibrium swelling ratio. Moxifloxacin hydrochloride was loaded into these hydrogel films and drug release was monitored in the phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Hemolysis assay was used to study biocompatibility of hydrogel films. Results of the attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, solid state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimeter confirmed the formation of citric acid-crosslinked hydrogel films. Total carboxyl content of hydrogel film was found to be increased when polymer ratio and amount of citric acid was increased. In contrast, swelling of hydrogel film was found to be decreased with increase in polymer ratio and amount of citric acid. Batch B1 showed highest drug loading with non-Fickian release mechanism. All remaining batches showed non-Fickian release behavior with diffusion coefficient greater than 0.5. Results of hemolysis assay indicated that the citric acid crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose-tamarind gum hydrogels were safe to be used in drug delivery. These results indicated that the citric acid crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose-tamarind gum composite hydrogel films has the potential to be used in topical novel drug delivery systems.
68 citations
Cites background from "Development and characterization of..."
...The higher the optical density of the supernatant, the greater the cell damage[28]....
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...Although TG shows presence of non-sterically hindered hydroxyl groups, very few reports mentioned the use of pure TG in chemically crosslinked hydrogels[28]....
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TL;DR: CMTG hydrogel films showed high drug loading with non-Fickian release mechanism suggesting controlled release of drug, and were found to be biocompatible, it can be concluded that the citric acid can be used for the preparation of CMTGHydrogels films.
62 citations
TL;DR: This manuscript reviews recent advances in chitosan‐based adsorbents designed to remove mercury ions from wastewater and focuses on their design, synthesis, characterization, adsorption properties, adhesion mechanisms and applications.
Abstract: Abatement of mercury emissions in air and waters has become a global challenge due to the toxicity of mercury species for life, yet actual remediation techniques are limited. In particular, adsorption of mercury ions onto solids is widely used but most adsorption techniques are not specific, and in turn, removal efficiency is lower. Adsorbents developed so far include activated carbon, clay, bentonite, cellulose and chitosan. Chitosan derivatives have recently attracted research attention for water purification because their molecular frames contain a large amount of -NH2 and -OH groups that can chelate with metal ions specifically. This manuscript reviews recent advances in chitosan-based adsorbents designed to remove mercury ions from wastewater. Focus is placed on their design, synthesis, characterization, adsorption properties, adsorption mechanisms and applications.
20 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the structure formation in the mixed systems in combination with rheological characterisation and make progress in the description of the mechanisms underlying the phase separation processes by the use of scattering techniques.
Abstract: Numerous investigations on protein–polysaccharide systems have recently been undertaken and are leading to a better understanding of the key parameters implied in protein–polysaccharide interactions. Microscopic methods are being developed to describe the structure formation in the mixed systems in combination with rheological characterisation. Progress is also being made in the description of the mechanisms underlying the phase separation processes by the use of scattering techniques.
627 citations
TL;DR: An in‐vitro test system was developed to investigate the adhesiveness of various materials to mucus, and it was found that these materials become adhesive on hydration.
Abstract: An in-vitro test system was developed to investigate the adhesiveness of various materials to mucus. The results obtained showed good agreement with the findings of previous in-vivo evaluations of mucosa-adhesives. Further investigations found that these materials become adhesive on hydration. Chain length, and the presence of ionizable groups in the molecule, were found to be determinate factors. The physical nature of the gel, and the location at which the mucoadhesive materials hydrated, were of less importance.
475 citations
"Development and characterization of..." refers background in this paper
...Both gelatin and polysaccharides have been reported to be excellent materials for designing mucoadhesive systems.[24] Mucoadhesion depends on the type of functionalization and the method of preparation/extraction of Figure 9....
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TL;DR: P(AA-g-EG) hydrogels can be successfully used as drug delivery systems because their versatility to be designed with specifically tuned release properties renders these biomaterials promising pharmaceutical carriers for therapeutic agents.
414 citations
"Development and characterization of..." refers background in this paper
...This suggested that the diffusion of the drugs (except C3) followed non-Fickian diffusion kinetics, whereas the release of the drug from C3 was Fickian diffusion mediated.[27]...
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TL;DR: CSA-chitosan may be well suited as a carrier material for the transplant of autologous chondrocytes or as a scaffold for the tissue engineering of cartilage-like tissue.
Abstract: The quality of articular cartilage engineered using a cell-polymer construct depends, in part, on the chemical composition of the biomaterial and whether that biomaterial can support the chondrocytic phenotype. Acknowledging the supportive influence of tissue-specific matrix molecules on the chondrocytic phenotype, we have combined chondroitin sulfate-A (CSA) and chitosan, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analog, to develop a novel biomaterial to support chondrogenesis. Chitosan is a polycationic repeating monosaccharide of beta-1,4-linked glucosamine monomers with randomly located N-acetyl glucosamine units. Chitosan may be combined with the polyanionic CSA such that ionic crosslinking results in hydrogel formation. Bovine primary articular chondrocytes, when seeded onto a thin layer of CSA-chitosan, form discrete, focal adhesions to the material and maintain many characteristics of the differentiated chondrocytic phenotype, including round morphology, limited mitosis, collagen type II, and proteoglycan production. Our findings suggest CSA-chitosan may be well suited as a carrier material for the transplant of autologous chondrocytes or as a scaffold for the tissue engineering of cartilage-like tissue.
305 citations
"Development and characterization of..." refers background in this paper
...Polysaccharides are generally obtained from plant sources and are usually biocompatible.[1] Due to their inherent biocompatibility, polysaccharides have been explored to design polymeric constructs of biomedical importance (pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and tissue engineering applications)....
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...[8] The backbone of TG consists of β-(1,4)-D-glucan substituted with side chains of α-(1,4)-D-xylopyranose and [1,6] linked [β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,2)-α-D-xylopyranosyl] to glucose residues....
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TL;DR: The resilience of the dominant human fecal microbiota upon short-course antibiotic challenge is demonstrated and strategies reinforcing the ability of this ecosystem to resist modifications would be of clinical relevance.
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that the human fecal microbiota is composed of a consortium of species specific to the host and resistant to modifications over time. Antibiotics are known to affect the intestinal microflora, and ensuing changes may result in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. It is therefore important to characterize the nature and amplitude of these modifications and the ability of this ecosystem to return to its original profile—i.e., its resilience. Six healthy volunteers received oral amoxicillin (1.5 g/day) for 5 days. Fecal samples were collected at day 0 (D0) before antibiotic treatment and at set intervals until 60 days thereafter. Fecal DNA was isolated, and V6-to-V8 regions of the 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR with general primers and analyzed by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. Dominant species profiles were compared on the basis of similarity (Pearson correlation coefficient). Dominant species profiles at D0 were used as a reference. The fecal microbiota showed a major shift in dominant species upon antibiotic treatment, starting 24 h after treatment initiation and reaching an average similarity of only 74% after 4 days. Within 30 days following antibiotic treatment, the fecal microbiota tended to reach an average similarity of 88% to the D0 value; within 60 days, the average similarity to the D0 value was 89%. However, in one subject, important modifications persisted for at least 2 months, with similarity to the D0 value remaining below 70%. We demonstrated the resilience of the dominant human fecal microbiota upon short-course antibiotic challenge. Yet the persistence of long-term alterations in some subjects may explain susceptibilities to antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Furthermore, these findings suggest that strategies reinforcing the ability of the fecal microbiota to resist modifications would be of clinical relevance.
295 citations
"Development and characterization of..." refers background in this paper
...Resilience of a particular compressive cycle is defined as the ratio of the area under the curve during the compression to area the under the curve during decompression.[22] The resilience is a measure of the ability of the hydrogels to undergo recovery after compression....
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