Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence.

doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4

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Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence.

Journal Article•DOI•

Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence.

Nicola S. Schutte¹, John M. Malouff¹, Lena E. Hall¹, Donald J. Haggerty¹, Joan T. Cooper¹, Charles J. Golden¹, Liane Dornheim¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (1)

Nova Southeastern University¹

01 Aug 1998-Personality and Individual Differences (PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES)-Vol. 25, Iss: 2, pp 167-177

TL;DR: In this article, Salovey and Mayer developed a measure of emotional intelligence based on the model of emotion intelligence, which was used to predict first-year college grades of students.

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About: This article is published in Personality and Individual Differences.The article was published on 1998-08-01. It has received 3211 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test & Emotional intelligence.

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Book•

Handbook of positive psychology

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C. R. Snyder, Shane J. Lopez

01 Jan 2002

TL;DR: The Handbook of Positive Psychology as mentioned in this paper provides a forum for a more positive view of the human condition and provides an analysis of what the foremost experts believe to be the fundamental strengths of humankind.

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Abstract: Psychology has long been enamored of the dark side of human existence, rarely exploring a more positive view of the mind. What has psychology contributed, for example, to our understanding of the various human virtues? Regrettably, not much. The last decade, however, has witnessed a growing movement to abandon the exclusive focus on the negative. Psychologists from several subdisciplines are now asking an intriguing question: "What strengths does a person employ to deal effectively with life?" The Handbook of Positive Psychology provides a forum for a more positive view of the human condition. In its pages, readers are treated to an analysis of what the foremost experts believe to be the fundamental strengths of humankind. Both seasoned professionals and students just entering the field are eager to grasp the power and vitality of the human spirit as it faces a multitude of life challenges. The Handbook is the first systematic attempt to bring together leading scholars to give voice to the emerging field of positive psychology.

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4,097 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation

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Ruth Tennant¹, Louise Hiller¹, Ruth Fishwick¹, Stephen Platt², Stephen Joseph³, Scott Weich¹, Jane Parkinson, Jenny Secker⁴, Sarah Stewart-Brown¹ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (4)

University of Warwick¹, University of Edinburgh², University of Nottingham³, Anglia Ruskin University⁴

27 Nov 2007-Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

TL;DR: WEMWBS is a measure of mental well-being focusing entirely on positive aspects of mental health that offers promise as a short and psychometrically robust scale that discriminated between population groups in a way that is largely consistent with the results of other population surveys.

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Abstract: Background: There is increasing international interest in the concept of mental well-being and its contribution to all aspects of human life. Demand for instruments to monitor mental well-being at a population level and evaluate mental health promotion initiatives is growing. This article describes the development and validation of a new scale, comprised only of positively worded items relating to different aspects of positive mental health: the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS). Methods: WEMWBS was developed by an expert panel drawing on current academic literature, qualitative research with focus groups, and psychometric testing of an existing scale. It was validated on a student and representative population sample. Content validity was assessed by reviewing the frequency of complete responses and the distribution of responses to each item. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesis that the scale measured a single construct. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Criterion validity was explored in terms of correlations between WEMWBS and other scales and by testing whether the scale discriminated between population groups in line with pre-specified hypotheses. Testretest reliability was assessed at one week using intra-class correlation coefficients. Susceptibility to bias was measured using the Balanced Inventory of Desired Responding. Results: WEMWBS showed good content validity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the single factor hypothesis. A Cronbach's alpha score of 0.89 (student sample) and 0.91 (population sample) suggests some item redundancy in the scale. WEMWBS showed high correlations with other mental health and well-being scales and lower correlations with scales measuring overall health. Its distribution was near normal and the scale did not show ceiling effects in a population sample. It discriminated between population groups in a way that is largely consistent with the results of other population surveys. Testretest reliability at one week was high (0.83). Social desirability bias was lower or similar to that of other comparable scales. Conclusion: WEMWBS is a measure of mental well-being focusing entirely on positive aspects of mental health. As a short and psychometrically robust scale, with no ceiling effects in a population sample, it offers promise as a tool for monitoring mental well-being at a population level. Whilst WEMWBS should appeal to those evaluating mental health promotion initiatives, it is important that the scale's sensitivity to change is established before it is recommended in this context.

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2,862 citations

Additional excerpts

...As hypothesised, the EIS showed a low to moderate correlation with WEMWBS (r = 0.48, p 0.01) (Table 2)....
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...The scales included two covering positive and negative aspects of affect (PANAS, SDHS), one covering psychological functioning (SPWB), one overall well-being (WHO-5), two scales measuring life satisfaction (SWLS and the single-item Global Life Satisfaction scale (GLS) [27]), and one scale, the 33-item Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) [28] which consists of statements covering appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotion in self and others, and the utilisation of emotions in problem solving....
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...Based on the content of each scale, we hypothesised that WEMWBS would show high correlations with scales capturing positive affect or well-being (SDHS, WHO-5, PANAS-PA and SPWB) moderate correlations with scales measuring physical or mental health status (GHQ-12, EQ5D-VAS) and the PANAS-NA and lower correlations with life satisfaction scales (GLS and SWLS) and emotional intelligence (EIS)....
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...Table 1: Summary of psychometric tests carried out on two samples Psychometric property Statistical test Student sample (number) Population sample (number) Content validity Responder bias: Chi-square tests - 2075 Missing and popular responses 348 2075 Floor/ceiling effects (individual items) 348 1749 Construct validity Confirmatory Factor Analysis 348 1749 Internal consistency Cronbach's α 's 348 1749 Item-total score correlations 348 1749 Criterion validity Floor and ceiling effects (total score) 348 1749 Demographic differences in scores: - 1749 Wilcoxon rank sum tests/Kruskal-Wallis tests/Jonckheere's test Correlations with other scales: Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 72 (EQ-5D VAS) 1233 (GHQ-12) 63 (PANAS- PA/NA) 63 (SPWB) 71 (SDHS) 79 (WHO-5) 79 (SWLS) 77 (GLS) 67 (EIS) Jonckheere's test - 1233(GHQ-12) Reliability Intra-class correlation coefficients 124 - Social desirability bias Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 116 - Page 4 of 13 (page number not for citation purposes)...
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...Page 10 of 13 (page number not for citation purposes) EIS Emotional Intelligence Scale EQ-5D VAS EuroQol Health Status Visual Analogue Scale GHQ-12 General Health Questionnaire GLS Global Life Satisfaction HEPS Health Education Population Survey SDHS Short Depression Happiness Scale SPWB Scale of Psychological Well-Being SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale PANAS Positive And Negative Affect Scale PANAS-PA Positive And Negative Affect Scale – positive sub-scale PANAS-NA Positive And Negative Affect Scale – negative sub-scale WHO-5 WHO Wellbeing Index WEMWBS Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Michelle Richardson¹, Charles Abraham², Rod Bond³•Institutions (3)

University College London¹, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry², University of Sussex³

01 Mar 2012-Psychological Bulletin

TL;DR: A review of 13 years of research into antecedents of university students' grade point average (GPA) scores generated a comprehensive, conceptual map of known correlates of tertiary GPA; assessment of the magnitude of average, weighted correlations with GPA; and tests of multivariate models of GPA correlates within and across research domains.

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Abstract: A review of 13 years of research into antecedents of university students' grade point average (GPA) scores generated the following: a comprehensive, conceptual map of known correlates of tertiary GPA; assessment of the magnitude of average, weighted correlations with GPA; and tests of multivariate models of GPA correlates within and across research domains. A systematic search of PsycINFO and Web of Knowledge databases between 1997 and 2010 identified 7,167 English-language articles yielding 241 data sets, which reported on 50 conceptually distinct correlates of GPA, including 3 demographic factors and 5 traditional measures of cognitive capacity or prior academic performance. In addition, 42 non-intellective constructs were identified from 5 conceptually overlapping but distinct research domains: (a) personality traits, (b) motivational factors, (c) self-regulatory learning strategies, (d) students' approaches to learning, and (e) psychosocial contextual influences. We retrieved 1,105 independent correlations and analyzed data using hypothesis-driven, random-effects meta-analyses. Significant average, weighted correlations were found for 41 of 50 measures. Univariate analyses revealed that demographic and psychosocial contextual factors generated, at best, small correlations with GPA. Medium-sized correlations were observed for high school GPA, SAT, ACT, and A level scores. Three non-intellective constructs also showed medium-sized correlations with GPA: academic self-efficacy, grade goal, and effort regulation. A large correlation was observed for performance self-efficacy, which was the strongest correlate (of 50 measures) followed by high school GPA, ACT, and grade goal. Implications for future research, student assessment, and intervention design are discussed.

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2,370 citations

Cites background from "Development and validation of a mea..."

...Emotional intelligence has also been assessed in terms of happiness, stress tolerance, and self-regard (Bar-On, 1997; Schutte et al., 1998)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The Prosocial Classroom: Teacher Social and Emotional Competence in Relation to Student and Classroom Outcomes:

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Patricia A. Jennings, Mark T. Greenberg

01 Mar 2009-Review of Educational Research

TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a model of the prosocial classroom that highlights the importance of teachers' social and emotional competence (SEC) and wellbeing in the development and maintenance of supportive teacher-student relationships, effective classroom management, and successful social learning program implementation.

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Abstract: The authors propose a model of the prosocial classroom that highlights the importance of teachers’ social and emotional competence (SEC) and wellbeing in the development and maintenance of supportive teacher–student relationships, effective classroom management, and successful social and emotional learning program implementation. This model proposes that these factors contribute to creating a classroom climate that is more conducive to learning and that promotes positive developmental outcomes among students. Furthermore, this article reviews current research suggesting a relationship between SEC and teacher burnout and reviews intervention efforts to support teachers’ SEC through stress reduction and mindfulness programs. Finally, the authors propose a research agenda to address the potential efficacy of intervention strategies designed to promote teacher SEC and improved learning outcomes for students.

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2,271 citations

Cites background from "Development and validation of a mea..."

...Chan (2003) studied relationships among the three components of burnout and hypothesized four components of El (emotional appraisal, positive regulation, empathic sensitivity, and positive utilization; Schutte et al., 1998) in a sample of 167 Hong Kong secondary school teachers....
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...Chan (2003) studied relationships among the three components of burnout and hypothesized four components of EI (emotional appraisal, positive regulation, empathic sensitivity, and positive utilization; Schutte et al., 1998) in a sample of 167 Hong Kong secondary school teachers....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications

[...]

John D. Mayer¹, Peter Salovey², David R. Caruso•Institutions (2)

University of New Hampshire¹, Yale University²

01 Jul 2004-Psychological Inquiry

TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a theory, finding, and implications of emotional intelligence, and found that emotional intelligence can be classified into three categories: positive, negative, and neutral.

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Abstract: (2004). TARGET ARTICLES: 'Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications' Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 197-215.

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1,883 citations

Cites background or methods from "Development and validation of a mea..."

...Some began as measures of other psychological constructs such as emotional well-being and still retain many scales related to those earlier ideas (e.g., Bar-On, 1997); others are based on our definition, but explicitly blend in popularized ideas (Schutte et al., 1998)....
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...The Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)....
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...…MSCEIT was correlated with several other measures of self-reported EI such as the Bar-On EQ-i (Bar-On, 1997), the Scale of Emotional Intelligence (Schutte et al., 1998), or the Occupational Personality Questionnaire 32—Emotional Intelligence Scale (Collins, 2001), it correlated r = .21, .18, and…...
[...]
...Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications John D. Mayer Department of Psychology University of New Hampshire Peter Salovey Department of Psychology Yale University David R. Caruso Work-Life Strategies Many people have expressed opinions about the scientific viability of emotional intelligence (EI)....
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..., Bar-On, 1997); others are based on our definition, but explicitly blend in popularized ideas (Schutte et al., 1998)....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences

[...]

Marc H. Bornstein, Howard Gardner

22 Jan 1986-The Journal of Aesthetic Education

TL;DR: The ten-year edition of the 10th anniversary edition as mentioned in this paper is devoted to the theory of multiple intelligences and its application in the socialization of human intelligence through Symbols Implications And Applications.

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Abstract: * Introduction to the Tenth Anniversary Edition Background * The Idea of Multiple Intelligences * Intelligence: Earlier Views * Biological Foundations of Intelligence * What Is an Intelligence? The Theory * Linguistic Intelligence * Musical Intelligence * Logical-Mathematical Intelligence * Spatial Intelligence * Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence * The Personal Intelligences * A Critique of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences * The Socialization of Human Intelligences through Symbols Implications And Applications * The Education of Intelligences * The Application of Intelligences

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11,512 citations

Book•

Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences

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Howard Gardner

01 Jan 1983

TL;DR: The Tenth Anniversary Edition of Intelligence explains the development of intelligence in the 21st Century through the applications of language, linguistics, mathematics, and more.

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9,611 citations

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A self-rating depression scale.

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William W. K. Zung¹•Institutions (1)

Durham University¹

01 Jan 1965-Archives of General Psychiatry

TL;DR: The general depression scales used were felt to be insufficient for the purpose of this research project and the more specific scales were also inadequate.

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Abstract: The fact that there is a need for assessing depression, whether as an affect, a symptom, or a disorder is obvious by the numerous scales and inventories available and in use today. The need to assess depression simply and specifically as a psychiatric disorder has not been met by most scales available today. We became acutely aware of this situation in a research project where we needed to correlate both the presence and severity of a depressive disorder in patients with other parameters such as arousal response during sleep and changes with treatment of the depressive disorder. It was felt that the general depression scales used were insufficient for our purpose and that the more specific scales were also inadequate. These inadequacies related to factors such as the length of a scale or inventory being too long and too time consuming, especially for a patient

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8,413 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale.

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Jim H. Patton¹, Matthew S. Stanford², Ernest S. Barratt²•Institutions (2)

Baylor University¹, University of Texas Medical Branch²

01 Nov 1995-Journal of Clinical Psychology

TL;DR: The results of the present study suggest that the total score of the BIS-11 is an internally consistent measure of impulsiveness and has potential clinical utility for measuring impulsiveness among selected patient and inmate populations.

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Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to revise the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 10 (BIS-10), identify the factor structure of the items among normals, and compare their scores on the revised form (BIS-11) with psychiatric inpatients and prison inmates. The scale was administered to 412 college undergraduates, 248 psychiatric inpatients, and 73 male prison inmates. Exploratory principal components analysis of the items identified six primary factors and three second-order factors. The three second-order factors were labeled Attentional Impulsiveness, Motor Impulsiveness, and Nonplanning Impulsiveness. Two of the three second-order factors identified in the BIS-11 were consistent with those proposed by Barratt (1985), but no cognitive impulsiveness component was identified per se. The results of the present study suggest that the total score of the BIS-11 is an internally consistent measure of impulsiveness and has potential clinical utility for measuring impulsiveness among selected patient and inmate populations.

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6,818 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model

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John M. Digman

01 Jan 1990-Annual Review of Psychology

TL;DR: In this paper, the auteur discute un modele a cinq facteurs de la personnalite qu'il confronte a d'autres systemes de the personNalite and don't les correlats des dimensions sont analyses.

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Abstract: L'auteur discute un modele a cinq facteurs de la personnalite qu'il confronte a d'autres systemes de la personnalite et dont les correlats des dimensions sont analyses ainsi que les problemes methodologiques

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6,111 citations