Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales.
01 Aug 1996-Journal of Applied Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 81, Iss: 4, pp 400-410
TL;DR: This paper developed and validated short, self-report scales of work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC) using conceptualizations consistent with the current literature.
Abstract: Researchers report on a 3-sample study that developed and validated short, self-report scales of work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC). Using conceptualizations consistent with the current literature, the researchers offer content domains and definitions of the constructs. Advocated procedures were used to develop the scales and test dimensionality and internal consistency. Estimates of construct validity are presented by relating the scales to 16 other on- and off-job constructs. Mean-level difference tests between WFC and FWC also provide evidence of validity.
Citations
More filters
4,201 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the consequences of abusive supervisor behavior and found that those who perceived their supervisors to be more abusive were more likely to quit their jobs, while those who remained with their jobs were associated with lower job and life satisfaction, lower normative and affective commitment, and higher continuance commitment, conflict between work and family, and psychological distress.
Abstract: Drawing on justice theory, the author examined the consequences of abusive supervisor behavior. As expected, subordinates who perceived their supervisors were more abusive were more likely to quit their jobs. For subordinates who remained with their jobs, abusive supervision was associated with lower job and life satisfaction, lower normative and affective commitment, and higher continuance commitment, conflict between work and family, and psychological distress. Organizational justice mediated most of these effects, and job mobility moderated some of the deleterious effects of abusive supervision.
2,708 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that journal reviewers (as well as editors and dissertation or thesis committee members) have to some extent perpetuated misconceptions about common method bias in self-report measures, including (a) relationships between self-reported variables are necessarily and routinely upwardly biased, (b) other-reports (or other methods) are superior to self-reports, and (c) rating sources (e.g., self, other) constitute measurement methods.
Abstract: We believe that journal reviewers (as well as editors and dissertation or thesis committee members) have to some extent perpetuated misconceptions about common method bias in self-report measures, including (a) that relationships between self-reported variables are necessarily and routinely upwardly biased, (b) other-reports (or other methods) are superior to self-reports, and (c) rating sources (e.g., self, other) constitute measurement methods. We argue against these misconceptions and make recommendations for what reviewers (and others) should reasonably expect from authors regarding common method bias. We believe it is reasonable to expect (a) an argument for why self-reports are appropriate, (b) construct validity evidence, (c) lack of overlap in items for different constructs, and (d) evidence that authors took proactive design steps to mitigate threats of method effects. We specifically do not recommend post hoc statistical control strategies; while some statistical strategies are promising, all have significant drawbacks and some have shown poor empirical results.
1,916 citations
Cites background from "Development and validation of work–..."
...Oftentimes, this type of evidence is available in sources that describe the initial development and evaluation of the particular measure (see, e.g., Dooley et al. 2007; Mallard and Lance 1998; Netemeyer et al. 1996)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of the outcomes associated with work-to-family conflict was conducted and effect sizes were estimated, which demonstrated the widespread and serious consequences associated with such conflicts.
Abstract: A comprehensive review of the outcomes associated with work-to-family conflict was conducted and effect sizes were estimated. Atypology was presented that grouped outcomes into 3 categories: work related, nonwork related, and stress related. Issues concerning the measurement of work-family conflict were also discussed. The results demonstrate the widespread and serious consequences associated with work-to-family conflict. On the basis of the results of the review, an agenda for future research was provided.
1,903 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analytic review combines the results of more than 60 studies to help determine the relative effects of work, non-work, and demographic and individual factors on work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW).
1,820 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined, and a drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in additit...
Abstract: The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addit...
56,555 citations
"Development and validation of work–..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Construct reliability is a LISREL-generated estimate of internal consistency analogous to coefficient alpha (Fornell & Larcker, 1981, Equation 10)....
[...]
...Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess scale dimensionality, discriminant validity, and internal consistency of the final form of the scales (Anderson & Gerbing , 1988; Fornell & Larcker, 1981)....
[...]
...Average variance extracted estimates of .50 or above provide further evidence of internal consistency for a construct's measure (Fornell & Larcker, 1981, Equation 11)....
[...]
...It has been suggested that if the square of the parameter estimate between two constructs (0 2 ) is less than the average variance extracted between the two constructs, discriminant validity is supported (Fornell & Larcker, 1981)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development, and present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests.
Abstract: In this article, we provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development. We present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests. We discuss the comparative advantages of this approach over a one-step approach. Considerations in specification, assessment of fit, and respecification of measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis are reviewed. As background to the two-step approach, the distinction between exploratory and confirmatory analysis, the distinction between complementary approaches for theory testing versus predictive application, and some developments in estimation methods also are discussed.
34,720 citations
"Development and validation of work–..." refers methods in this paper
...Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess scale dimensionality, discriminant validity, and internal consistency of the final form of the scales (Anderson & Gerbing , 1988; Fornell & Larcker, 1981)....
[...]
...If the chi-square fit of the two-factor model is better than the fit of the one-factor model, evidence of discriminant validity among factors exists (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988)....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1975TL;DR: In this article, the Mathematical Basis for Multiple Regression/Correlation and Identification of the Inverse Matrix Elements is presented. But it does not address the problem of missing data.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Introduction. Bivariate Correlation and Regression. Multiple Regression/Correlation With Two or More Independent Variables. Data Visualization, Exploration, and Assumption Checking: Diagnosing and Solving Regression Problems I. Data-Analytic Strategies Using Multiple Regression/Correlation. Quantitative Scales, Curvilinear Relationships, and Transformations. Interactions Among Continuous Variables. Categorical or Nominal Independent Variables. Interactions With Categorical Variables. Outliers and Multicollinearity: Diagnosing and Solving Regression Problems II. Missing Data. Multiple Regression/Correlation and Causal Models. Alternative Regression Models: Logistic, Poisson Regression, and the Generalized Linear Model. Random Coefficient Regression and Multilevel Models. Longitudinal Regression Methods. Multiple Dependent Variables: Set Correlation. Appendices: The Mathematical Basis for Multiple Regression/Correlation and Identification of the Inverse Matrix Elements. Determination of the Inverse Matrix and Applications Thereof.
29,764 citations
TL;DR: A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models and two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes.
Abstract: Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI) FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes
21,588 citations
TL;DR: In this article, structural equation models with latent variables are defined, critiqued, and illustrated, and an overall program for model evaluation is proposed based upon an interpretation of converging and diverging evidence.
Abstract: Criteria for evaluating structural equation models with latent variables are defined, critiqued, and illustrated. An overall program for model evaluation is proposed based upon an interpretation of converging and diverging evidence. Model assessment is considered to be a complex process mixing statistical criteria with philosophical, historical, and theoretical elements. Inevitably the process entails some attempt at a reconcilation between so-called objective and subjective norms.
19,160 citations
"Development and validation of work–..." refers background or methods in this paper
...On the basis of a number of heuristics suggested in the scale development literature (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988; De- Villis, 1991), items were deleted that (a) through inspection of modification indices and expected change values did not load higher on their intended factor (e.g., WFC) than the other…...
[...]
...In general, items with extremely high factor loadings were redundant in terms of item wording and resulted in within-factor correlated measurement error as well (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988)....
[...]
...Construct a = construct reliability; average = average variance extracted estimate. analysis offers a powerful test of the equivalence of factor solutions across samples because it rigorously assesses measurement properties (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988; Bollen, 1989; Marsh, 1995; Marsh & Hocevar, 1985)....
[...]