Development of the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ): a questionnaire to measure alcohol and opiate dependence in the context of a treatment evaluation package
TL;DR: The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire is a 10-item, self completion questionnaire designed to measure dependence upon a variety of substances and has been shown to be understood by users of alcohol and opiates.
Abstract: The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) has been developed as part of a treatment evaluation package. The LDQ is a 10-item, self completion questionnaire designed to measure dependence upon a variety of substances; it has been shown to be understood by users of alcohol and opiates. The questionnaire was designed to be sensitive to change over time and to be sensitive through the range from mild to severe dependence; the follow-up data are insufficient to demonstrate change over time, but are encouraging. It is expected that both clinicians and researchers will find it useful to have a single measure relating to substance use, but not limited by specific substances. All items are scored 0-1-2-3; there are no normative data. The procedure for establishing content validity is described and estimates of concurrent, discriminant and convergent validities are reported; these validities are thought to be satisfactory. A principal components analysis produced a single factor accounting for 64% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. Test-retest reliability was found to be 0.95.
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TL;DR: These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of a program of routine care integrated with motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention over routine psychiatric care alone for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and alcohol or drug abuse or dependence.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity of substance abuse disorders with schizophrenia is associated with a greater risk for serious illness complications and poorer outcome. Methodologically sound studies investigating treatment approaches for patients with these disorders are rare, although recommendations for integrated and comprehensive treatment programs abound. This study investigates the relative benefit of adding an integrated psychological and psychosocial treatment program to routine psychiatric care for patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorders. METHOD: The authors conducted a randomized, single-blind controlled comparison of routine care with a program of routine care integrated with motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family or caregiver intervention. RESULTS: The integrated treatment program resulted in significantly greater improvement in patients’ general functioning than routine care alone at the end of treatment and 12 months after the beginning of the study. Other b...
480 citations
Additional excerpts
...Measure rs p rs p rs p rs p Leeds Dependence Questionnaire: most frequently used substance Addiction Severity Index: drug and alcohol subscales combined 0.43 0.01 Timeline follow-back: percent of days of abstinence from most frequently used substance –0.26 n.s. –0.18 n.s. Timeline follow-back: percent of days of abstinence from all substances –0.29 n.s. –0.30 n.s. 0.65 0.01 Clinician Rating Scales: most frequently used substance 0.29 n.s. 0.11 n.s. –0.56 <0.01 –0.22 n.s....
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...There was a significant correlation between the two questionnaire measures of substance use (the Addiction Severity Index drug and alcohol subscales combined and the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire)....
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...For the integrated care group, the median baseline score on the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire was 4.5 (range=0–15); for the routine care group, it was 6.0 (range=0–13)....
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...In order to compare individuals using different substances, Leeds Dependence Questionnaires completed for the patient’s most frequently used substance were selected for outcome assessments....
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...The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (24) is a 10-item questionnaire used to measure psychological dependence across a wide range of substances....
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TL;DR: Investigation of the test-retest reliability of the Timeline Followback for cocaine, cannabis, and cigarette use for participants recruited from outpatient alcohol and drug treatment programs and the general community across intervals ranging from 30 to 360 days prior to the interview suggests that shorter time intervals can be used with little loss of accuracy.
Abstract: The Timeline Followback (TLFB), a retrospective calendar-based measure of daily substance use, was initially developed to obtain self-reports of alcohol use. Since its inception it has undergone extensive evaluation across diverse populations and is considered the most psychometrically sound self-report measure of drinking. Although the TLFB has been extended to other behaviors, its psychometric evaluation with other addictive behaviors has not been as extensive as for alcohol use. The present study evaluated the test-retest reliability of the TLFB for cocaine, cannabis, and cigarette use for participants recruited from outpatient alcohol and drug treatment programs and the general community across intervals ranging from 30 to 360 days prior to the interview. The dependent measure for cigarette smokers and cannabis users was daily use of cigarettes and joints, respectively, and for cocaine users it was a "Yes" or "No" regarding cocaine use for each day. The TLFB was administered in different formats for different drug types. Different interviewers conducted the two interviews. The TLFB collected highly reliable information about participants' daily use of cocaine, cannabis, and cigarettes from 30, 90, to 360 days prior to the interview. Findings from this study not only suggest that shorter time intervals (e.g., 90 days) can be used with little loss of accuracy, but also add to the growing literature that the TLFB can be used with confidence to collect psychometrically sound information about substance use (i.e., cocaine, cannabis, cigarettes) other than alcohol in treatment- and nontreatment-seeking populations for intervals from ranging up to 12 months prior to the interview.
473 citations
TL;DR: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test was used for the first time as part of a randomized controlled trial for brief interventions in mild to moderate alcohol-dependent out-patients, indicating the viability of a screening measure for identifying cannabis use disorder in at risk populations.
Abstract: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) was used for the first time as part of a randomized controlled trial for brief interventions in mild to moderate alcohol-dependent out-patients. This sample may be seen as a population at increased risk of cannabis use disorder. The CUDIT was developed by modifying the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The ability of the CUDIT to accurately screen for cannabis abuse or dependence was examined in the portion of the sample who reported some cannabis use over the preceding 6 months (n=53), as was self-reported frequency of cannabis use in the preceding 6 months. The CUDIT was superior to the frequency measure, achieving positive predictive power of 84.6% and sensitivity of 73.3% at a cut-off of 8, compared to positive predictive power of 81.8% and sensitivity of 60.0% for 80 or more cannabis use-days. These results indicate the viability of a screening measure for identifying cannabis use disorder in at risk populations.
284 citations
TL;DR: The findings from this study show that regular Kratom use is associated with drug dependency, development of withdrawal symptoms, and craving that become more severe with prolonged use and suggest a stronger control of the drug.
194 citations
References
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TL;DR: Since the TL method has now been shown to have fairly good reliability for assessing recent drinking across a broad range of drinkers, it can be used for comparative evaluations of drinking behaviour across studies with different subject populations.
Abstract: Summary
Since alcohol research involves both clinical and non-clinical populations, it is important to evaluate drinking assessment methods across different subject populations. Over the past several years, the reliability of the timeline (TL) method of gathering retrospective reports of recent drinking has been evaluated in several studies, and this method has been shown to have generally high reliability with outpatient alcohol abusers, in-patient chronic alcoholics, and normal drinker college students. The present study examined the reliability of the TL method with normal drinkers in the general population. Similar to other populations, the test-retest reliability of male (n=31) and female (n=31) normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking behaviour was found to be generally high. Data gathered by the TL method were also compared to data gathered from the same subjects using a common quantity-frequency (QF) method. Consistent with earlier reports, QF categorization provided a relatively insensitive measure of individual differences in drinking behaviour as compared to TL-derived data. Since the TL method has now been shown to have fairly good reliability for assessing recent drinking across a broad range of drinkers, it can be used for comparative evaluations of drinking behaviour across studies with different subject populations.
750 citations
408 citations
TL;DR: Prolonged exposure can enduringly reduce the urge and discomfort in OCD, and may help some other addictions, and there may be some similarities in the early management and prevention of relapse of behavioural and chemical addictions.
Abstract: ‘Addiction’ denotes repetitive routines that aim to obtain chemicals and, less often, routines without that aim. The latter are behavioural addictions. They include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsive spending (including gambling), overeating (bulimia), hypersexuality (straight or deviant), and kleptomania. Common across dependence syndromes is: a repeated urge to engage in behaviour known to be counterproductive; mounting tension until it is completed; rapid temporary switching off of the tension by completing the behaviour; gradual return of the urge; syndrome-specific external and perhaps internal cues for the urge; secondary conditioning of the urge to external and internal cues; similar strategies for relapse prevention by cue exposure and stimulus control. The urge to complete a behaviour and discomfort if prevented from this resemble the craving and the withdrawal (WD) symptoms of substance abusers. Some WD symptoms are common to several addictive syndromes while others may be more specific. Addiction (pull) and compulsion (push) overlap and can occur sequentially or concurrently. Different addictions occur with varying amounts of pleasure at various stages. Prolonged exposure can enduringly reduce the urge and discomfort in OCD, and may help some other addictions. Conditioned cues are important and for lasting efficacy a therapist may need to know their details for each syndrome. There may be some similarities in the early management and prevention of relapse of behavioural and chemical addictions.
365 citations