Development of Time–Depth–Damage Functions for Flooded Flexible Pavements
TL;DR: In this article , the authors developed a methodological framework to model postflooding road damage by identifying the importance of several parameters including flood duration, flood depth, flood pattern (including real flood data), transfer functions, pavement materials, and analysis location.
Abstract: The first step toward building pavement structures that are resilient to flooding is to have a proper understanding of the impact of inundation on the pavement. Depth-damage functions have been developed and are widely used to quantify flood-induced damage to buildings. However, such damage functions do not exist for roadway pavements. The objective of this study is to develop a methodological framework to model postflooding road damage by identifying the importance of several parameters including flood duration, flood depth, flood pattern (including real flood data), transfer functions, pavement materials, and analysis location. Pavement serviceability and costs are introduced into the evaluation as well. The long-term goal is a tool for decision makers to use in planning and management of flooding events for more resilient pavements and allocation of budgets. It is established that the most important parameters that should be accounted for by decision makers are the flood duration, combination of the materials, critical location on the roadway (both vertical and lateral), and use of appropriate transfer functions. Opening the roadway to traffic immediately after the floodwater recedes will lead to earlier and more significant deterioration of the pavement and more costly maintenance and reconstruction.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors adopted finite element seepage modeling to observe floodwater movement in three different pavements, each under three flood scenarios, and concluded that both the finite element model and laboratory testing show similar post-flooding weakening and recovery behavior in pavements.
Abstract: Flooding has caused severe damage to civil infrastructure worldwide. Roadway pavements are one of the infrastructures most affected by flooding, however, quantification of post-flooding pavement damage has not received attention until recently. There remains a gap to advance knowledge on how floodwater moves inside pavements and, consequently, how it will impact post-flooding pavement damage. This study adopted finite element seepage modeling to observe floodwater movement in three different pavements, each under three flood scenarios. Laboratory testing is conducted to validate the accuracy of the model. It is concluded that both the finite element seepage modeling and laboratory testing show similar post-flooding weakening and recovery behavior in pavements. The recovery phase is much longer than the weakening phase, due to the hysteretic nature of soil moisture related to suction. The base layer loses stiffness drastically during the weakening phase, more than any studied subgrade materials. The improved understanding reported here can enhance the development of time-depth-damage functions for post-flooding pavements. It will enable the quantification of post-flooding damage and thus facilitate estimation of flood induced economic losses in practices.
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TL;DR: The Flood Information Tool as discussed by the authors allows rapid analysis of a wide variety of stream discharge data and topographic mapping to determine flood-frequencies over entire floodplains, and provides a library of more than 900 damage curves for use in estimating damage to various types of buildings and infrastructure.
Abstract: Part I of this two-part paper provided an overview of the HAZUS-MH Flood Model and a discussion of its capabilities for characterizing riverine and coastal flooding. Included was a discussion of the Flood Information Tool, which permits rapid analysis of a wide variety of stream discharge data and topographic mapping to determine flood-frequencies over entire floodplains. This paper reports on the damage and loss estimation capability of the Flood Model, which includes a library of more than 900 damage curves for use in estimating damage to various types of buildings and infrastructure. Based on estimated property damage, the model estimates shelter needs and direct and indirect economic losses arising from floods. Analyses for the effects of flood warning, the benefits of levees, structural elevation, and flood mapping restudies are also facilitated with the Flood Model.
336 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the direct damage to residential buildings caused by the flooding of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina in the year 2005, and proposed a more general approach that could be used to distinguish different damage zones based on water depth and flow velocity for an area that is affected by flooding due to breaching of flood defenses.
Abstract: This article analyzes the direct damage to residential buildings caused by the flooding of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina in the year 2005. A public dataset has been analyzed that contains information on the economic damage levels for approximately 95,000 residential buildings in the flooded area. The relationship between the flood characteristics and economic damage to residential buildings has been investigated. Results of hydrodynamic flood simulations have been used that give insight in water depths and flow velocities in the study area. In general, differences between the three polders in the observed distributions of damage estimates are related to differences in flood conditions. The highest damage percentages and structural damage mainly occurred in areas where higher flow velocities occurred, especially near the breaches in the Lower 9th Ward neighborhood. Further statistical analysis indicated that there is not any strong one-to-one relationship between the damage percentage and the water depth or the depth–velocity product. This suggests that there is considerable uncertainty associated with stage-damage functions, especially when they are applied to individual structures or smaller clusters of buildings. Based on the data, a more general approach has been proposed that could be used to distinguish different damage zones based on water depth and flow velocity for an area that is affected by flooding due to breaching of flood defenses. Further validation of existing damage models with the dataset and further inclusion of information on building type in the analysis of damage levels is recommended.
154 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new stochastic methodology was developed to estimate the direct impact of flood actions on buildings and to determine the expected damage, based on analytical representations of the failure mechanisms of individual building components.
Abstract: Floods in both riverine and coastal zones can cause significant damage to infrastructure, including possible structural failure of buildings. Methodologies commonly used to estimate flood damage to buildings are typically based on aftermath surveys and statistical analyses of insurance claims data. These methodologies rarely account for flooding hydrodynamics, and thus do not differentiate between the damage caused by floodwater contact and those caused by floodwater velocity. A new stochastic methodology has been developed to estimate the direct impact of flood actions on buildings and to determine the expected damage. Building vulnerability is modeled based on analytical representations of the failure mechanisms of individual building components. The flood actions generated during different flooding events are assessed and compared to the resistance of each building component. The assessed flood actions include: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces, waves, turbulent bores, debris impacts, and time-depend...
112 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a step-by-step methodology for devising depth-damage functions using data from a flood event which occurred in Moschato, a suburb of Athens, Greece in July 2002 is presented.
Abstract: A conventional approach for the economic estimation of direct flood damage to buildings is using the method of depth-damage functions. However, there are few publications that describe in detail the derivation of depth-damage functions based on actual flood damage data. It still remains an open issue whether a site-specific depth-damage function can be applied to another region with similar climate and building conditions. This paper aims at demonstrating a step-by-step methodology for devising depth-damage functions using data from a flood event which occurred in Moschato, a suburb of Athens, Greece in July 2002. It also compares the developed depth-damage functions to functions from other areas with similar conditions. In the case study, the damage percentage is calculated per category of flood-affected property on the basis of relief payments. The replacement cost of the affected components of a building structure and the market value of each category of flood-affected property are estimated in order to develop depth-damage relationships for building structures. The local depth-damage function for residential use is compared to generalized functions and a site-specific function developed for the urban area of Palermo, Italy. Differences and similarities in damage datasets are examined and explained by related causative factors such as structural or architectural features of buildings. Finally, the application of both of the above functions to a third case (the Erasinos river basin in Attica, Greece) resulted in a fair difference (9 %) in the estimation of the expected average annual direct damage to residential buildings.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were performed every 161 m (0.1 mi ) over each selected roadway, along with other field tests.
Abstract: In September of 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and caused sustained flooding. Limited pre- and postflooding tests indicated that the pavement structures tested were adversely impacted by the flood water. Consequently, the Louisiana Dept. of Transportation and Development hired an independent contractor to structurally test approximately 383 km ( 238 mi ) of the region’s federally aided urban highway system both inside and outside of the flooding area. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were performed every 161 m ( 0.1 mi ) over each selected roadway, along with other field tests. The FWD data were imported into a geographical information system and plotted against a USGS geo-referenced map. Comparative analyses were made possible through the use of extensive flood maps made available through NOAA and FEMA. This arrangement made it possible to classify spatially and graphically all test points on the basis of flooding versus nonflooding, short flooding duration versus longer flooding ...
73 citations