Die Bedeutung der Spurenelemente für Ernährung, Wachstum und Stoffwechsel der Pflanzen
01 Jan 1938-pp 255-413
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gottinger Akademie stellte the Frage: „Ob die sog unorganischen Elemente, welche in der Asche der Pflanze gefunden werden, auch dann in den pflanzen sich finden, wenn sie denselben von ausen nicht geboten.
Abstract: Genau vor einem Jahrhundert, im Jahre I838, stellte die Gottinger Akademie die Frage: „Ob die sog unorganischen Elemente, welche in der Asche der Pflanze gefunden werden, auch dann in den Pflanzen sich finden, wenn sie denselben von ausen nicht geboten werden“Die Beantwortung durch Wiegmann und Polstorff (1842) widerlegte nicht nur die schon durch die Fortschritte der Chemie uberholte Anschauung, das die „erdigen Bestandteile“der Pflanze in ihr selbst gebildet wurden (SchraDer 1800), sondern sie erbrachte daruber hinaus den Beweis — und das mit auch heute noch durchaus anzuerkennender Methode —, das die Aschenbestandteile nicht mehr oder weniger zufallige Verunreinigungen des Pflanzenkorpers darstellen, sondern als ganzes oder wenigstens zum Teil notwendig sind Damit war eine Fulle von Fragen aufgerollt, deren Beantwortung aber, trotz 100 Jahren intensivster und vielseitigster Forschung, in den meisten Punkten noch recht wenig befriedigt Das gilt vor allem fur die Frage nach der stoffwechselphysiologischen Bedeutung der als notwendig erkannten Aschenelemente, doch ist eine ganze Reihe weiterer Fragen der mineralischen Pflanzenernahrung uber den Zustand mehr oder weniger begrundeter Hypothesen noch nicht hinausgekemmen
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TL;DR: In this paper, a colorimetric method was used to identify the most abundant hosts of zirconium in igneous rocks, including rutile, sphene, magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite.
70 citations
01 Jan 1939
TL;DR: In this paper, Pflanzenphysiologen befanden sich noch vor ein paar Jahren in einer merkwurdigen Lage in bezug auf die Vitaminfrage.
Abstract: Die Pflanzenphysiologen befanden sich noch vor ein paar Jahren in einer merkwurdigen Lage in bezug auf die Vitaminfrage.
32 citations
01 Jan 1958
TL;DR: Haselhoff et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the pflanzenphysiologischen Arbeiten and showed that the naturstoff-aufnahme of pflansch bis to the 18. Jahrhunderts was the wichtigste Nahrstoffquelle der Pflanzens darstellte.
Abstract: Nach Haselhoff (1931) gehen die pflanzenphysiologischen Arbeiten uber die Nahrstoffaufnahme der Pflanzen bis zum Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts auf St. Hales zuruck. Nach ihm haben Sennebier, Ingenhouss, Saussure, Sprengel, Boussingault u. a. m. (s. auch Baumeister 1952) wertvolle Beitrage zur Frage der Ernahrung der Pflanzen geliefert und durch ihre Versuche gezeigt, wie man durch die Untersuchung der Pflanzen zur Kenntnis der Ernahrungsvorgange kommen kann. Jedoch wurde der von diesen Forschern aufgezeigte Weg nicht mit gebuhrendem Nachdruck weiter verfolgt, da die zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts vor allem von A. Thaer propagierte Humustheorie, nach der der Humus die wichtigste Nahrstoffquelle der Pflanzen darstellte, nahezu allgemeine Anerkennung gefunden hatte. Obwohl bereits Sprengel 1839 in seinem Buch uber die „Lehre vom Dunger“ die Bedeutung der Mineralstoffe fur die Ernahrung der Pflanzen deutlich herausgestellt hatte, bedurfte es doch erst der Uberzeugungskraft und Autoritat eines J. v. Liebig, die Humus- und andere Theorien ins Wanken zu bringen und den Grundstein fur die Lehre von der Notwendigkeit der mineralischen Ernahrung der Pflanzen und der Bedeutung der Mineralstoffe fur das Pflanzenwachstum zu legen. Damit soll jedoch in keiner Weise, worauf allerdings in diesem Zusammenhang nicht eingegangen werden kann, die Bedeutung des Humus fur pflanzen- und ernahrungsphysiologische Probleme geleugnet werden (s. z. B. Chaminade und Blanchet 1953, de Kock 1955).
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TL;DR: Conclusive proof of the indispensability of the so-called microelements, that is, elements required in minute amounts by plants, can be obtained by the use of artificial culture media (the water culture technique was used in this investigation), provided special procedures are employed to remove incidental impurities.
Abstract: The recent discoveries of the importance of small amounts of boron, manganese, copper, and zinc (1, 2, 4, 7, 13) in the physiology of higher plants, and in a number of soil-plant problems of considerable agricultural importance, have added interest to studies on the role of these elements in plant nutrition. The mostobvious and important question is whether or not these elements are indispensable to the growth of plants. Recent investigations in this laboratory (12) on the importance of cer am metals in minute quantity in the economy of higher plants, have resulted in the development of an experimental technique which makes possible a consistent and reproducible demonstration of the essentiality of copper, manganese, and zinc for the growth of higher plants. Although the details of the procedures will be described elsewhere (12) it is desired to present at this time some considerations and conclusions which may be of general interest. It was deemed desirable to test experimentally the essentiality of each element according to the following criteria: an element is not considered essential unless (a) a deficiency of it makes it impossible for the plant to complete the vegetative or reproductive stage of its life cycle; (b) such deficiency is specific to the element in question, and can be prevented or corrected only by supplying this element; and (c) the element is directly involved in the nutrition of the plant quite apart from its possible effects in correctinug some unfavorable microbiological or chemical condition of the soil or other culture medium. From that standpoint a favorable response from adding a given element to the culture medium does not constitute conclusive evidence of its indispensability in plant nutrition. Conclusive proof of the indispensability of the so-called microelements, that is, elements required in minute amounts by plants, can be obtained by the use of artificial culture media (the water culture technique was used in this investigation), provided special procedures are employed to remove incidental impurities. The physiological importance of these contaminants is illustrated by the finding that young tomato plants grown in Pyrex glass containers with nutrient solutions deficient in zinc gave a measurable response to the addition of 1 gamma (0.001 mg.) of zinc to a plant (this gave a zinc concentration in the culture solution of 5 parts per billion). This response to a minute amount of zinc as well as similar responses to copper and manganese were consistently obtained only when redistilled water and purified chemicals were used. The metal content of ordinary distilled water was reduced by redistillation, using 371
423 citations
TL;DR: Fresh impetus for the study of this problem was not forthcoming until methods of work became much improved, and certain experiments indicated that some other chemical elements than those on the "preferred" list could improve the growth of plants and serve as "stimulants," and, further, until certain brilliant discoveries in animal physiology introduced the concept of the hormone and the vitamine into philosophy and theory of general physiology.
Abstract: Introduction For more than a century, plant physiologists contented themselves with the assumption that only ten of the eighty odd chemical elements known are essential and indispensable to the life and growth of the chlorophyllous plants. With one important modification, the list of these ten elements was that furnished by THEODORE DE SAUSSURE in his epoch-making book published in 1804. The one important modification of the list cited came about through the celebrated investigations of KNOP about one-half century later who showed iron to be essential, and silicon, as he thought, non-essential, thus making a substitution of iron for silicon in DE SAUSSURE'S list. For more than half a century after KNOP's investigations, the slightly modified DE SAUSSURE list of the essential chemical elements held the center of the stage in that field in all textbooks and reference books on plant physiology and related subjects. From our point of vantage, it seems singular that the assumption under review should have been made without further inquiry in the face of the abundant evidence available on the composition of the ash of plants. To be sure, it is obvious that the mere presence of an element in a plant can constitute of itself very flimsy evidence of its indispensable nature to the plant, but it is none the less a circumstance which cannot be waved aside without investigation. Other circumstances than the mere inability of physiologists to apprehend the problem in the proper light conspired to maintain it in the doldrums for so long a period. These were the seemingly inherited human characteristic of ignoring imponderables, the crudity of methods employed for growing plants, and the impurity of the so-called \"chemically pure\" chemicals. Fresh impetus for the study of this problem was not forthcoming until methods of work became much improved, and certain experiments indicated that some other chemical elements than those on the \"preferred\" list could improve the growth of plants and serve as \"stimulants,\" and, further, until certain brilliant discoveries in animal physiology introduced the concept of the hormone and the vitamine into our philosophy and theory of general physiology. Even these occurrences have impressed only a few plant physiologists with the real nature of the situation, which obtains on the subject of the indispensa-
243 citations