Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesity and Inflammation
01 Oct 2017-Nutrients (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI))-Vol. 9, Iss: 10, pp 1089
TL;DR: The interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the use of dietary anthocyanins are discussed, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity associated chronic diseases.
Abstract: Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obesity, due to its associated chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and cancer Thus, targeting inflammation is an attractive strategy to counter the burden of obesity-induced health problems Recently, food-derived bioactive compounds have been spotlighted as a regulator against various chronic diseases due to their low toxicity, as opposed to drugs that induce severe side effects Here we describe the beneficial effects of dietary anthocyanins on obesity-induced metabolic disorders and inflammation Red cabbage microgreen, blueberry, blackcurrant, mulberry, cherry, black elderberry, black soybean, chokeberry and jaboticaba peel contain a variety of anthocyanins including cyanidins, delphinidins, malvidins, pelargonidins, peonidins and petunidins, and have been reported to alter both metabolic markers and inflammatory markers in cells, animals, and humans This review discusses the interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the use of dietary anthocyanins, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity associated chronic diseases
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TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulated evidence correlating moderate red wine consumption with prevention of CHD by focusing on the different mechanisms underlying this relationship.
Abstract: Wine is a popular alcoholic beverage that has been consumed for hundreds of years. Benefits from moderate alcohol consumption have been widely supported by the scientific literature and, in this line, red wine intake has been related to a lesser risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Experimental studies and meta-analyses have mainly attributed this outcome to the presence in red wine of a great variety of polyphenolic compounds such as resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and anthocyanin. Resveratrol is considered the most effective wine compound with respect to the prevention of CHD because of its antioxidant properties. The mechanisms responsible for its putative cardioprotective effects would include changes in lipid profiles, reduction of insulin resistance, and decrease in oxidative stress of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulated evidence correlating moderate red wine consumption with prevention of CHD by focusing on the different mechanisms underlying this relationship. Furthermore, the chemistry of wine as well as chemical factors that influence the composition of the bioactive components of red wine are also discussed.
118 citations
TL;DR: Results support findings that blueberry may be one of the best functional fruits, and further reveals the mechanisms of anthocyanins and polyphenols in the health role of blueberry for chronic disease.
Abstract: Functional ingredients in blueberry have the best health benefits. To obtain a better understanding of the health role of blueberry in chronic disease, we conducted systematic preventive strategies for functional ingredients in blueberry, based on comprehensive databases, especially PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI for the period 2008–2018. Blueberry is rich in flavonoids (mainly anthocyanidins), polyphenols (procyanidin), phenolic acids, pyruvic acid, chlorogenic acid, and others, which have anticancer, anti-obesity, prevent degenerative diseases, anti-inflammation, protective properties for vision and liver, prevent heart diseases, antidiabetes, improve brain function, protective lung properties, strong bones, enhance immunity, prevent cardiovascular diseases, and improve cognitive decline. The anthocyanins and polyphenols in blueberry are major functional ingredients for preventive chronic disease. These results support findings that blueberry may be one of the best functional fruits, and further reveals the mechanisms of anthocyanins and polyphenols in the health role of blueberry for chronic disease. This paper may be used as scientific evidence for developing functional foods, nutraceuticals, and novel drugs of blueberry for preventive chronic diseases.
103 citations
Cites background from "Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesit..."
...Dietary anthocyanins ameliorate inflammation and obesity as well as obesity-associated chronic diseases [75]....
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TL;DR: An overview of the pharmacological activities of mulberry fruits is provided and several potential pharmacological health benefits including anti-cholesterol, anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects which might be associated with the presence of some of these bioactive compounds are shown.
Abstract: Mulberry (Morus alba L.) belongs to the Moraceae family and is widely planted in Asia. Mulberry fruits are generally consumed as fresh fruits, jams and juices. They contain considerable amounts of biologically active ingredients that might be associated with some potential pharmacological activities that are beneficial for health. Therefore, they have been traditionally used in traditional medicine. Studies have reported that the presence of bioactive components in mulberry fruits, including alkaloids and flavonoid, are associated with bioactivities such as antioxidant. One of the most important compounds in mulberry fruits is anthocyanins which are water-soluble bioactive ingredients of the polyphenol class. Studies have shown that mulberry fruits possess several potential pharmacological health benefits including anti-cholesterol, anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects which might be associated with the presence of some of these bioactive compounds. However, human intervention studies on the pharmacological activities of mulberry fruits are limited. Therefore, future studies should explore the effect of mulberry fruit consumption on human health and elucidate the detailed compounds. This paper provides an overview of the pharmacological activities of mulberry fruits.
101 citations
TL;DR: This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.
Abstract: Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.
95 citations
TL;DR: Basic information is provided for diet induced obesity developed by four commonly used experimental mouse strains used to explore the impact of mouse strain on lipid profile, glucose level, and major inflammation cytokines.
Abstract: High fat diet (HFD) treated mouse is widely used as experimental animal model for hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia study. Many factors contribute to establish animal model that meant to simulate high fat and glucose diet induced phenotypes. In the present study, four strains of experiment mouse treated by HFD were used to explore the impact of mouse strain on lipid profile, glucose level, and major inflammation cytokines. HFD fed Kunming and ICR mouse gained significantly higher body weight than control which was not shown by C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse. All four strains fed by HFD has heavier liver and adipose tissue than control ones. Obvious fat droplets and enlarged adipose cells were observed in obese mouse of four strains. Additionally, obese mouse showed typical response to glucose and insulin load in OGTT and ITT. Serum TC, LDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratio, but not TG, increased in all four strains. Major inflammatory cytokines and insulin level showed little changes in obese mouse as well (P<0.05) The present study could provide basic information for diet induced obesity developed by four commonly used experimental mouse strains.
93 citations
Cites background from "Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesit..."
...2020; 69(3): 326–335 Major serum inflammatory cytokines In the present study, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 were examined as representative pro-inflammatory cytokines, and IL-10 was analyzed as anti-inflammatory cytokine [14]....
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References
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TL;DR: The ob gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway from adipose tissue that acts to regulate the size of the body fat depot.
Abstract: The mechanisms that balance food intake and energy expenditure determine who will be obese and who will be lean. One of the molecules that regulates energy balance in the mouse is the obese (ob) gene. Mutation of ob results in profound obesity and type II diabetes as part of a syndrome that resembles morbid obesity in humans. The ob gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway from adipose tissue that acts to regulate the size of the body fat depot.
12,394 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated trends and their uncertainties of mean BMI for adults 20 years and older in 199 countries and territories, and used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean BMI by age, country, and year.
3,664 citations
"Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesit..." refers background in this paper
...The burden of obesity is largely derived from its associated chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, cancer, and type II diabetes mellitus [1,2]....
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TL;DR: Gallic acid and isoflavones are the most well-absorbed polyphenols, followed by catechins, flavanones, and quercetin glucosides, but with different kinetics, and the least well- absorption polyphenol are the proanthocyanidins, the galloylated tea catech ins, andThe anthocyanins.
3,534 citations
"Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesit..." refers background in this paper
...Newly identified anthocyanin metabolites contribute to the improvement of human health [57]....
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TL;DR: The discovery that obesity itself results in an inflammatory state in metabolic tissues ushered in a research field that examines the inflammatory mechanisms in obesity, and metaflammation is summarized, defined as low-grade, chronic inflammation orchestrated by metabolic cells in response to excess nutrients and energy.
Abstract: The modern rise in obesity and its strong association with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have elicited interest in the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. The discovery that obesity itself results in an inflammatory state in metabolic tissues ushered in a research field that examines the inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Here, we summarize the unique features of this metabolic inflammatory state, termed metaflammation and defined as low-grade, chronic inflammation orchestrated by metabolic cells in response to excess nutrients and energy. We explore the effects of such inflammation in metabolic tissues including adipose, liver, muscle, pancreas, and brain and its contribution to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Another area in which many unknowns still exist is the origin or mechanism of initiation of inflammatory signaling in obesity. We discuss signals or triggers to the inflammatory response, including the possibility of endoplasmic reticulum stress as an important contributor to metaflammation. Finally, we examine anti-inflammatory therapies for their potential in the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.
3,045 citations
"Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesit..." refers background in this paper
...Inflammation is a defense system that responds to harmful stimuli and restores disruptive tissues back to homeostasis [5]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: It can be considered that obesity corresponds to a sub-clinical inflammatory condition that promotes the production of pro-inflammatory factors involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, including leptin, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and resistin.
Abstract: It now appears that, in most obese patients, obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting from chronic activation of the innate immune system and which can subsequently lead to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and even diabetes. WAT is the physiological site of energy storage as lipids. In addition, it has been more recently recognized as an active participant in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. In obesity, WAT is characterized by an increased production and secretion of a wide range of inflammatory molecules including TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which may have local effects on WAT physiology but also systemic effects on other organs. Recent data indicate that obese WAT is infiltrated by macrophages, which may be a major source of locally-produced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, weight loss is associated with a reduction in the macrophage infiltration of WAT and an improvement of the inflammatory profile of gene expression. Several factors derived not only from adipocytes but also from infiltrated macrophages probably contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Most of them are overproduced during obesity, including leptin, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and resistin. Conversely, expression and plasma levels of adiponectin, an insulin-sensitising effector, are down-regulated during obesity. Leptin could modulate TNF-alpha production and macrophage activation. TNF-alpha is overproduced in adipose tissue of several rodent models of obesity and has an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in these species. However, its actual involvement in glucose metabolism disorders in humans remains controversial. IL-6 production by human adipose tissue increases during obesity. It may induce hepatic CRP synthesis and may promote the onset of cardiovascular complications. Both TNF-alpha and IL-6 can alter insulin sensitivity by triggering different key steps in the insulin signalling pathway. In rodents, resistin can induce insulin resistance, while its implication in the control of insulin sensitivity is still a matter of debate in humans. Adiponectin is highly expressed in WAT, and circulating adiponectin levels are decreased in subjects with obesity-related insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Adiponectin inhibits liver neoglucogenesis and promotes fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. In addition, adiponectin counteracts the pro-inflammatory effects of TNF-alpha on the arterial wall and probably protects against the development of arteriosclerosis. In obesity, the pro-inflammatory effects of cytokines through intracellular signalling pathways involve the NF-kappaB and JNK systems. Genetic or pharmacological manipulations of these effectors of the inflammatory response have been shown to modulate insulin sensitivity in different animal models. In humans, it has been suggested that the improved glucose tolerance observed in the presence of thiazolidinediones or statins is likely related to their anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, it can be considered that obesity corresponds to a sub-clinical inflammatory condition that promotes the production of pro-inflammatory factors involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
2,034 citations
"Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesit..." refers background in this paper
...Pro-inflamma ory marker uch as interleukin-6 (IL-6), int rleukin-1β (IL-1β), C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reported to be persistently expressed in adipocytes of white adipose tissue [19]....
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...Obesity is accompanied by a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition known as metainflammation [19,20]....
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...Pro‐inflammatory markers such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), C‐reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were reported to be persistently expressed in adipocytes of white adipose tissue [19]....
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...Obesity is accompanied by a chronic low‐grade inflammatory condition known as metainflammation [19,20]....
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