Differential light intensity and spectral sensitivities of Atlantic salmon, European sea bass and Atlantic cod pineal glands ex vivo.
TL;DR: The first evidence of relative photoreception in teleosts was obtained in cod suggesting that the definition of illuminance thresholds (day/night perception) would depend on the day intensity, and a single order of magnitude increase or decrease in day intensity was shown to elicit a significant shift in the intensity response curve of night-time melatonin suppression.
About: This article is published in General and Comparative Endocrinology.The article was published on 2010-01-01. It has received 74 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Light intensity & Light sensitivity.
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TL;DR: This review aims to bring together the current knowledge on the photic control of reproduction mainly focusing on seasonal temperate fish species and shape the current working hypotheses supported by recent findings obtained in teleosts or based on knowledge gathered in mammalian and avian species.
Abstract: Seasonality is an important adaptive trait in temperate fish species as it entrains or regulates most physiological events such as reproductive cycle, growth profile, locomotor activity and key life-stage transitions. Photoperiod is undoubtedly one of the most predictable environmental signals that can be used by most living organisms including fishes in temperate areas. This said, however, understanding of how such a simple signal can dictate the time of gonadal recruitment and spawning, for example, is a complex task. Over the past few decades, many scientists attempted to unravel the roots of photoperiodic signalling in teleosts by investigating the role of melatonin in reproduction, but without great success. In fact, the hormone melatonin is recognized as the biological time-keeping hormone in fishes mainly due to the fact that it reflects the seasonal variation in daylength across the whole animal kingdom rather than the existence of direct evidences of its role in the entrainment of reproduction in fishes. Recently, however, some new studies clearly suggested that melatonin interacts with the reproductive cascade at a number of key steps such as through the dopaminergic system in the brain or the synchronization of the final oocyte maturation in the gonad. Interestingly, in the past few years, additional pathways have become apparent in the search for a fish photoneuroendocrine system including the clock-gene network and kisspeptin signalling and although research on these topics are still in their infancy, it is moving at great pace. This review thus aims to bring together the current knowledge on the photic control of reproduction mainly focusing on seasonal temperate fish species and shape the current working hypotheses supported by recent findings obtained in teleosts or based on knowledge gathered in mammalian and avian species. Four of the main potential regulatory systems (light perception, melatonin, clock genes and kisspeptin) in fish reproduction are reviewed.
248 citations
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...red λ 700 nm) at sufficient intensities also suppress circulating melatonin levels (Bayarri et al., 2002; Vera et al., 2009)....
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...Indeed, many studies highlighted the environmental regulation of daily and annual melatonin variations such as light, temperature and recently salinity as well as self-sustained endogenous rhythms (Bolliet et al., 1996; Bromage et al., 2001; Lopez-Olmeda et al., 2009; Vera et al., 2009)....
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...morhua and differed significantly between the species (Migaud et al., 2006b; Vera et al., 2009)....
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...As a result of its simple organization, the pineal gland acts as a luminance and day-length detector with rudimentary spectral differentiation, as confirmed by electrophysiological recordings from the photoreceptor and ganglion cells and tissue culture studies of the whole gland (Ekström & Meissl, 1997; Vera et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: The role of lighting conditions during the early development of fish larvae is highlighted and should be taken into account for the optimization of rearing protocols in fish hatcheries as juvenile supply is one of the main production bottlenecks.
193 citations
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...Adult sea bass are more sensitive to the blue end of the visible spectrum (blue, 434–477 nm) which reduced nocturnal plasma melatonin more efficiently (Bayarri et al., 2002; Vera et al., 2010)....
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...…early development, growth, reproduction, immunity… Recently, a study using melatonin produced by cultured pineal gland in vitro as an indicator of photodetection have shown how sensitive to light fish can bewith importantly large species differences (Migaud et al., 2006; Vera et al., 2010)....
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...…pelagic zones (Strand and Huse, 2007) therefore, this specie is also naturally exposed to the different wavelengths of the several depths in the water columnwhich under experimental conditions, could lead cod. to find similar sensitivities to the different spectral conditions (Vera et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a review of the artificial floating island (AFI) concept, structure, and functions, and discuss the potential advantages of AFI technology for a variety of applications that include nutrition removal, biomass production, aquaculture and agriculture, as well as wastewater and stormwater treatment.
Abstract: This paper provides a review of the artificial floating island (AFI) concept, structure, and functions. This review discusses the potential advantages of AFI technology for a variety of applications that include nutrition removal, biomass production, aquaculture and agriculture, as well as wastewater and stormwater treatment. The paper briefly discusses the role of a numerical model in the decision making process for choosing appropriate scale of AFI system for the sites to be treated. Besides suggesting potential future research prospects, this paper also raises certain drawback issues that AFIs may post to the environment.
127 citations
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...[55] Vera LM, Davie A, Taylor JF, Migaud H....
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...The wavelength, intensity, and periodicity of light affect fish physiology profoundly [53] since fish can detect light intensity and spectrum changes by retinal and extra-retinal photoreceptors [54,55]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the influence of inoculation of endophytic bacteria on the detoxification of sewage effluent in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) and concluded that endophyte-assisted FTWs can be the most sustainable and affordable approach for in situ remediation of sewage.
116 citations
TL;DR: Key findings on how artificial light at night affects major endocrine axes and suggest future studies that might ameliorate negative effects of ALAN are reviewed.
Abstract: Alternation between day and night is a predictable environmental fluctuation that organisms use to time their activities. Since the invention of artificial lighting, this predictability has been disrupted and continues to change in a unidirectional fashion with increasing urbanization. As hormones mediate individual responses to changing environments, endocrine systems might be one of the first systems affected, as well as being the first line of defense to ameliorate any negative health impacts. In this Review, we first highlight how light can influence endocrine function in vertebrates. We then focus on four endocrine axes that might be affected by artificial light at night (ALAN): pineal, reproductive, adrenal and thyroid. Throughout, we highlight key findings, rather than performing an exhaustive review, in order to emphasize knowledge gaps that are hindering progress on proposing impactful and concrete plans to ameliorate the negative effects of ALAN. We discuss these findings with respect to impacts on human and animal health, with a focus on the consequences of anthropogenic modification of the night-time environment for non-human organisms. Lastly, we stress the need for the integration of field and lab experiments as well as the need for long-term integrative eco-physiological studies in the rapidly expanding field of light pollution.
95 citations
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...Similar wavelength-dependent effects Jo u rn al o f Ex p er im en ta lB io lo g y have also been found in rodents (Nelson and Takahashi, 1991; Zubidat et al., 2011), birds (Lewis et al., 2001; Surbhi and Kumar, 2015) and fishes (Oliveira et al., 2007; Vera et al., 2010; Ziv et al., 2007)....
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..., 2001; Surbhi and Kumar, 2015) and fishes (Oliveira et al., 2007; Vera et al., 2010; Ziv et al., 2007)....
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References
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that humans are highly responsive to the phase‐delaying effects of light during the early biological night and that both the phase resetting response to light and the acute suppressive effect of light on plasma melatonin follow a logistic dose‐response curve, as do many circadian responses to light in mammals.
Abstract: Ocular exposure to early morning room light can significantly advance the timing of the human circadian pacemaker. The resetting response to such light has a non-linear relationship to illuminance. The dose-response relationship of the human circadian pacemaker to late evening light of dim to moderate intensity has not been well established. Twenty-three healthy young male and female volunteers took part in a 9 day protocol in which a single experimental light exposure6.5 h in duration was given in the early biological night. The effects of the light exposure on the endogenous circadian phase of the melatonin rhythm and the acute effects of the light exposure on plasma melatonin concentration were calculated. We demonstrate that humans are highly responsive to the phase-delaying effects of light during the early biological night and that both the phase resetting response to light and the acute suppressive effects of light on plasma melatonin follow a logistic dose-response curve, as do many circadian responses to light in mammals. Contrary to expectations, we found that half of the maximal phase-delaying response achieved in response to a single episode of evening bright light ( approximately 9000 lux (lx)) can be obtained with just over 1 % of this light (dim room light of approximately 100 lx). The same held true for the acute suppressive effects of light on plasma melatonin concentrations. This indicates that even small changes in ordinary light exposure during the late evening hours can significantly affect both plasma melatonin concentrations and the entrained phase of the human circadian pacemaker.
1,052 citations
604 citations
TL;DR: A review of the present knowledge on the involvement of light influence on hormone levels (melatonin, somatotropin, thyroid hormones and other hormones) and a discussion about the endolymph–otolith system, which is very sensitive to daylight and seasonal cycles.
570 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on the functional properties of the cellular circadian clocks of non-mammalian vertebrates and how functions the clock?
295 citations
TL;DR: There are strong indications that the pineal organ is one component in a central neural system that constitutes the photoperiod-responding system of the animal, i.e. the system that is responsible for correct timing of daily and seasonal physiological rhythms.
Abstract: The pineal organ of teleost fish is a directly photosensory organ that contains photoreceptor cells similar to those of the retina. It conveys photoperiod information to the brain via neural pathways and by release of indoleamines, primarily melatonin, into the circulation. The photoreceptor cells respond to changes in ambient illumination with a gradual modulation of neurotransmission to second-order neurons that innervate various brain centres, and by modulation of indoleamine synthesis. Melatonin is produced rhythmically, and melatonin synthesis may be regulated either directly by ambient photoperiod, or by an endogenous circadian oscillator that is entrained by the photoperiod. During natural conditions, melatonin is produced at highest levels during the night. Although the pineal organ undoubtedly influences a variety of physiological parameters, as assessed by experimental removal of the pineal organ and/or administration of exogenous indoleamines, its role in any physiological situation is not clear cut. The effects of any interference with pineal functions appear to vary with the time of year and experimental photothermal regimes. There are strong indications that the pineal organ is one component in a central neural system that constitutes the photoperiod-responding system of the animal, i.e. the system that is responsible for correct timing of daily and seasonal physiological rhythms. It is important to envisage the pineal organ as a part of this system; it interacts with other photosensory structures (the retina, possibly extraretinal non-pineal photoreceptors) and circadian rhythm generators
279 citations