Differential roles for medial prefrontal and medial temporal cortices in schema-dependent encoding: From congruent to incongruent
TL;DR: These findings show that enhanced memory for more congruent information is mediated by the mPFC, which is hypothesised to guide integration of new information into a pre-existing schema represented in cortical areas, whileMemory for more incongruent information relies instead on automatic encoding of arbitrary associations by the MTL.
About: This article is published in Neuropsychologia.The article was published on 2013-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 243 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Recognition memory & Prefrontal cortex.
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01 Jan 1964
TL;DR: In this paper, the notion of a collective unconscious was introduced as a theory of remembering in social psychology, and a study of remembering as a study in Social Psychology was carried out.
Abstract: Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.
5,690 citations
TL;DR: The vmPFC and hippocampus may compete or synchronize to optimize schema-related learning depending on the specific operationalization of schema memory, which highlights the need for more precise definitions of memory schemas.
407 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that vmPFC activity observed in studies of schemas corresponds with participants' coordination of existing schemas with ongoing task demands.
341 citations
Additional excerpts
...…& Johnson, 1972; Carmichael et al., 1932; Head & Holmes, 1911; Piaget, 1926; Preston & Eichenbaum, 2013; Rumelhart, 1980; Tse et al., 2007; Van Kesteren et al., 2013); and expediting retrieval processes (i.e. memory search and reconstruction) (Anderson & Pichert, 1978; Anderson, 1984;…...
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TL;DR: Emerging evidence suggests that abstracted representations in medial prefrontal cortex guide reactivation of related memories during new encoding events, thus promoting hippocampal integration of related experiences.
Abstract: Everyday behaviors require a high degree of flexibility, in which prior knowledge is applied to inform behavior in new situations. Such flexibility is thought to be supported in part by memory integration, a process whereby related memories become interconnected in the brain through recruitment of overlapping neuronal populations. Recent advances in cognitive and behavioral neuroscience highlight the importance of a hippocampal-medial prefrontal circuit in memory integration. Emerging evidence suggests that abstracted representations in medial prefrontal cortex guide reactivation of related memories during new encoding events, thus promoting hippocampal integration of related experiences. Moreover, recent work indicates that integrated memories are called upon during novel situations to facilitate a host of behaviors, from spatial navigation to imagination.
294 citations
Cites background from "Differential roles for medial prefr..."
...Rodent [41] and human [26,42 ,43] work further suggests that mPFC may be activated along with hippocampus during learning of schema-related information....
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...Echoing these results, a number of human studies have reported behavioral benefits in learning and memory when new information can be incorporated into an existing schema [42 ,43,44]....
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TL;DR: A network of brain regions that is sensitive to the shared temporal structure of these naturalistic situations is revealed, including the posterior medial cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and superior frontal gyrus, which exhibited schematic event patterns that generalized across stories, subjects, and modalities.
Abstract: Understanding movies and stories requires maintaining a high-level situation model that abstracts away from perceptual details to describe the location, characters, actions, and causal relationships of the currently unfolding event. These models are built not only from information present in the current narrative, but also from prior knowledge about schematic event scripts, which describe typical event sequences encountered throughout a lifetime. We analyzed fMRI data from 44 human subjects (male and female) presented with 16 three-minute stories, consisting of four schematic events drawn from two different scripts (eating at a restaurant or going through the airport). Aside from this shared script structure, the stories varied widely in terms of their characters and storylines, and were presented in two highly dissimilar formats (audiovisual clips or spoken narration). One group was presented with the stories in an intact temporal sequence, while a separate control group was presented with the same events in scrambled order. Regions including the posterior medial cortex, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and superior frontal gyrus exhibited schematic event patterns that generalized across stories, subjects, and modalities. Patterns in mPFC were also sensitive to overall script structure, with temporally scrambled events evoking weaker schematic representations. Using a Hidden Markov Model, patterns in these regions predicted the script (restaurant vs airport) of unlabeled data with high accuracy and were used to temporally align multiple stories with a shared script. These results extend work on the perception of controlled, artificial schemas in human and animal experiments to naturalistic perception of complex narratives. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In almost all situations we encounter in our daily lives, we are able to draw on our schematic knowledge about what typically happens in the world to better perceive and mentally represent our ongoing experiences. In contrast to previous studies that investigated schematic cognition using simple, artificial associations, we measured brain activity from subjects watching movies and listening to stories depicting restaurant or airport experiences. Our results reveal a network of brain regions that is sensitive to the shared temporal structure of these naturalistic situations. These regions abstract away from the particular details of each story, activating a representation of the general type of situation being perceived.
191 citations
Cites background from "Differential roles for medial prefr..."
...Work on simpler types of schematic representations has consistently implicated mPFC, based on encoding activity (van Kesteren et al., 2010, 2013; Hsieh and Ranganath, 2015; Brod et al., 2016), recall activity (Brod et al., 2015), gene expression (Tse et al., 2011), and lesion studies (Warren et…...
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...This region shows encoding-related activity predictive of subsequent memory for schema-congruent stimuli (van Kesteren et al., 2013), increased activity when remembering schematic knowledge (Brod et al., 2015), representations of temporal position within a schematic sequence (Hsieh and Ranganath,…...
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References
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01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: New developments in the science of learning as mentioned in this paper overview mind and brain how experts differ from novices how children learn learning and transfer the learning environment curriculum, instruction and commnity effective teaching.
Abstract: New developments in the science of learning science of learning overview mind and brain how experts differ from novices how children learn learning and transfer the learning environment curriculum, instruction and commnity effective teaching - examples in history, mathematics and science teacher learning technology to support learning conclusions from new developments in the science of learning.
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TL;DR: An anatomical parcellation of the spatially normalized single-subject high-resolution T1 volume provided by the Montreal Neurological Institute was performed and it is believed that this tool is an improvement for the macroscopical labeling of activated area compared to labeling assessed using the Talairach atlas brain.
13,678 citations
"Differential roles for medial prefr..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…used as the centres of spheres with a radius of 20 mm. Finally, the ROIs for the MTL were derived anatomically, from combining the Automatic Anatomic Labelling (AAL) definitions of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002), separately in left and right hemispheres....
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...gyrus (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002), separately in left and right hemispheres....
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TL;DR: The results of these studies point to the importance of the hippocampal complex for normal memory function in patients who had undergone similar, but less radical, bilateral medial temporallobe resections, and as a warning to others of the risk to memory involved in bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampusal region.
Abstract: In 1954 Scoville described a grave loss of recent memory which he had observed as a sequel to bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection in one psychotic patient and one patient with intractable seizures. In both cases the operations had been radical ones, undertaken only when more conservative forms of treatment had failed. The removals extended posteriorly along the mesial surface of the temporal lobes for a distance of approximately 8 cm. from the temporal tips and probably destroyed the anterior two-thirds of the hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus bilaterally, as well as the uncus and amygdala. The unexpected and persistent memory deficit which resulted seemed to us to merit further investigation. We have therefore carried out formal memory and intelligence testing of these two patients and also of eight other patients who had undergone similar, but less radical, bilateral medial temporallobe resections.* The present paper gives the results of these studies which point to the importance of the hippocampal complex for normal memory function. Whenever the hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus were damaged bilaterally in these operations some memory deficit was found, but not otherwise. We have chosen to report these findings in full, partly for their theoretical significance, and partly as a warning to others of the risk to memory involved in bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampal region.
7,041 citations
"Differential roles for medial prefr..." refers background or result in this paper
...This contrasts with conventional accounts that only MTL can rapidly learn new associations (Scoville & Milner, 1957; Squire & Alvarez, 1995), but is consistent with recent evidence that such “cortical fast mapping” is possible in the presence of schema (Sharon, Moscovitch, & Gilboa, 2011)....
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...Participants indicated how congruent they found an object-scene pair during scanning, and were tested on item and associative recognition memory for these associations one day later....
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01 Jan 1964
TL;DR: In this paper, the notion of a collective unconscious was introduced as a theory of remembering in social psychology, and a study of remembering as a study in Social Psychology was carried out.
Abstract: Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.
5,690 citations
4,478 citations