Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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...The association of neuroinflammation and activation state with various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (Varnum and Ikezu, 2012; Tang and Le, 2015), Parkinson’s disease (Blandini, 2013; Kannarkat et al....
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...…association of neuroinflammation and activation state with various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (Varnum and Ikezu, 2012; Tang and Le, 2015), Parkinson’s disease (Blandini, 2013; Kannarkat et al., 2013; Moehle and West, 2014), Huntington disease (Ellrichmann et al.,…...
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Cites background from "Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Mic..."
...Murray CL, Skelly DT, Cunningham C. Exacerbation of CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration by systemic LPS treatment is independent of circulating IL-1beta and IL-6....
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...Danger signals may trigger these surveying microglia and cause transformation to activated states, referred to as the M1 and M2 phenotypes [11]....
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...Interleukin 6 (IL-6) protein levels or mRNA expression were determined in seven studies [4–6, 8, 9, 22, 37], at 17 different time points after challenge....
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...Animals challenged with E. coli had similar IL-6 concentration as compared to the controls, independent of whether microglia were activated (n = 2) or not (n = 3)....
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...The M1 immune response of microglia is triggered by the activation of TLRs via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or intracellular proteins released from damaged neurons; other M1 triggers are complement 1q (C1q) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from astrocytes in response to neuronal injury [11, 12]....
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References
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"Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Mic..." refers background in this paper
...accumulation of protein aggregates called Lewy bodies (LBs) in the remaining DA neurons [65, 66] ....
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"Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Mic..." refers background in this paper
...Mannose receptor (CD206), Found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1), and Chitinase-3-Like-3 (Chi3l3) to help tissue reconstruction [37, 22]....
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...Specifically, both Arg1 and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressed in the CNS utilize arginine as the sole substrate for biosynthetic pathways [37, 39]....
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