Diffraction-limited storage rings - a window to the science of tomorrow.
01 Sep 2014-Journal of Synchrotron Radiation (International Union of Crystallography)-Vol. 21, Iss: 5, pp 837-842
TL;DR: This article summarizes the contributions in this special issue on Diffraction-Limited Storage Rings and analyses the progress in accelerator technology enabling a significant increase in brightness and coherent fraction of the X-ray light provided by storage rings.
Abstract: This article summarizes the contributions in this special issue on Diffraction-Limited Storage Rings. It analyses the progress in accelerator technology enabling a significant increase in brightness and coherent fraction of the X-ray light provided by storage rings. With MAX IV and Sirius there are two facilities under construction that already exploit these advantages. Several other projects are in the design stage and these will probably enhance the performance further. To translate the progress in light source quality into new science requires similar progress in aspects such as optics, beamline technology, detectors and data analysis. The quality of new science will be limited by the weakest component in this value chain. Breakthroughs can be expected in high-resolution imaging, microscopy and spectroscopy. These techniques are relevant for many fields of science; for example, for the fundamental understanding of the properties of correlated electron materials, the development and characterization of materials for data and energy storage, environmental applications and bio-medicine.
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30 Apr 2020TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental properties of soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation are discussed and their applications in a wide variety of fields, including EUV lithography for semiconductor chip manufacture and soft X-ray biomicroscopy.
Abstract: This self-contained, comprehensive book describes the fundamental properties of soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and discusses their applications in a wide variety of fields, including EUV lithography for semiconductor chip manufacture and soft x-ray biomicroscopy. The author begins by presenting the relevant basic principles such as radiation and scattering, wave propagation, diffraction, and coherence. He then goes on to examine a broad range of phenomena and applications. The topics covered include EUV lithography, biomicroscopy, spectromicroscopy, EUV astronomy, synchrotron radiation, and soft x-ray lasers. He also provides a great deal of useful reference material such as electron binding energies, characteristic emission lines and photo-absorption cross-sections. The book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences. It will also appeal to practicing engineers involved in semiconductor fabrication and materials science.
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TL;DR: This article begins with the discussion of various rechargeable batteries and associated important scientific questions in the field, followed by a review of synchrotron X-ray based analytical tools and their successful applications and their fundamental insights into these scientific questions.
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TL;DR: Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has emerged as a leading experimental probe for studying the complex phenomena in quantum materials, a subject of increasing importance as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has emerged as a leading experimental probe for studying the complex phenomena in quantum materials, a subject of increasing importance The power of this technique stems from the directness and the richness of the momentum-resolved information it can provide, such as band dispersion, Fermi surface topology, and electron self-energy Over the past decade, the significantly improved energy and momentum resolution and carefully matched experiments have turned this technique into a sophisticated tool in characterizing the electronic structure of complex materials This revolution is mostly evident in the study of cuprate high-temperature superconductors More recently, this technique has played a critical role in advancing our understanding of the newly discovered iron-based superconductors and topological insulators In this paper we review some of the recent ARPES results and discuss the future perspective in this rapidly developing field
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TL;DR: This work image the three-dimensional magnetic structure in the vicinity of the Bloch points, which until now has been accessible only through micromagnetic simulations, and identifies two possible magnetization configurations: a circulating magnetization structure and a twisted state that appears to correspond to an ‘anti-Bloch point’.
Abstract: Techniques exist for imaging the magnetization patterns of magnetic thin films and at the surfaces of magnets, but here hard-X-ray tomography is used to image the three-dimensional magnetic structure within a micrometre-sized magnet in the vicinity of Bloch points. Techniques have long existed for imaging the two-dimensional magnetization patterns of thin-film magnets, but the three-dimensional complexities of magnetization structure within the body of a magnet is not so amenable to direct investigation. Claire Donnelly et al. have made substantial progress in lifting this veil by harnessing hard-X-ray tomography to determine the inner magnetic structure of micrometre-sized magnets. The properties of current X-ray sources limit the spatial resolution to about 100 nanometres, but it is anticipated that future instrumental developments could greatly improve on this. In soft ferromagnetic materials, the smoothly varying magnetization leads to the formation of fundamental patterns such as domains, vortices and domain walls1. These have been studied extensively in thin films of thicknesses up to around 200 nanometres, in which the magnetization is accessible with current transmission imaging methods that make use of electrons or soft X-rays. In thicker samples, however, in which the magnetization structure varies throughout the thickness and is intrinsically three dimensional, determining the complex magnetic structure directly still represents a challenge1,3. We have developed hard-X-ray vector nanotomography with which to determine the three-dimensional magnetic configuration at the nanoscale within micrometre-sized samples. We imaged the structure of the magnetization within a soft magnetic pillar of diameter 5 micrometres with a spatial resolution of 100 nanometres and, within the bulk, observed a complex magnetic configuration that consists of vortices and antivortices that form cross-tie walls and vortex walls along intersecting planes. At the intersections of these structures, magnetic singularities—Bloch points—occur. These were predicted more than fifty years ago4 but have so far not been directly observed. Here we image the three-dimensional magnetic structure in the vicinity of the Bloch points, which until now has been accessible only through micromagnetic simulations, and identify two possible magnetization configurations: a circulating magnetization structure5 and a twisted state that appears to correspond to an ‘anti-Bloch point’. Our imaging method enables the nanoscale study of topological magnetic structures6 in systems with sizes of the order of tens of micrometres. Knowledge of internal nanomagnetic textures is critical for understanding macroscopic magnetic properties and for designing bulk magnets for technological applications7.
235 citations
TL;DR: Dark-field X-ray microscopy; a non-destructive microscopy technique for the three-dimensional mapping of orientations and stresses on lengths scales from 100 nm to 1 mm within embedded sampling volumes is presented.
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192 citations
References
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TL;DR: The room-temperature structure of lysozyme is determined using 40000 individual diffraction patterns from micro-crystals flowing in liquid suspension across a synchrotron microfocus beamline.
200 citations
"Diffraction-limited storage rings -..." refers background in this paper
...While FELs carry the motto ‘Diffract before you destroy’, at DLSRs one may rephrase it as ‘Diffract while you destroy’....
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...While diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs) provide high average brightness, Bavgð Þ 1022 photons s 1 mm 2 mrad 2 (0.1% bandwidth) 1, they cannot compete with free- electron lasers (FELs) as regards the peak brightness Bpeakð Þ required for ultra-fast time resolution or single-shot experiments....
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...However, in the ultra-fast time domain the DLSRs will reach a limit and certainly need to be complemented by FELs....
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...The sub-fs scale that is being targeted by FELs today is certainly out of reach for a storage ring....
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...The introduction of DLSRs and FELs paves the way for reaching unprecedented performance in terms of temporal and spatial resolution at accelerator-based X-ray sources....
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TL;DR: The design of the MAX IV 3 GeV ultralow-emittance storage ring is presented and the implementation of solutions to the technological challenges imposed by the compact multi-bend achromat lattice are described.
Abstract: The MAX IV facility, currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, features two electron storage rings operated at 3 GeV and 1.5 GeV and optimized for the hard X-ray and soft X-ray/VUV spectral ranges, respectively. A 3 GeV linear accelerator serves as a full-energy injector into both rings as well as a driver for a short-pulse facility, in which undulators produce X-ray pulses as short as 100 fs. The 3 GeV ring employs a multibend achromat (MBA) lattice to achieve, in a relatively short circumference of 528 m, a bare lattice emittance of 0.33 nm rad, which reduces to 0.2 nm rad as insertion devices are added. The engineering implementation of the MBA lattice raises several technological problems. The large number of strong magnets per achromat calls for a compact design featuring small-gap combined-function magnets grouped into cells and sharing a common iron yoke. The small apertures lead to a low-conductance vacuum chamber design that relies on the chamber itself as a distributed copper absorber for the heat deposited by synchrotron radiation, while non-evaporable getter (NEG) coating provides for reduced photodesorption yields and distributed pumping. Finally, a low main frequency (100 MHz) is chosen for the RF system yielding long bunches, which are further elongated by passively operated third-harmonic Landau cavities, thus alleviating collective effects, both coherent (e.g. resistive wall instabilities) and incoherent (intrabeam scattering). In this paper, we focus on the MAX IV 3 GeV ring and present the lattice design as well as the engineering solutions to the challenges inherent to such a design. As the first realisation of a light source based on the MBA concept, the MAX IV 3 GeV ring offers an opportunity for validation of concepts that are likely to be essential ingredients of future diffraction-limited light sources.
163 citations
"Diffraction-limited storage rings -..." refers background in this paper
...This may bring the electrons above the bucket height of the RF system, with a reduced beam lifetime as a consequence (Nagaoka & Bane, 2014; Tavares et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014)....
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...The eigen-emittance of especially short-period undulators is negligible compared with the ring emittance, so these IDs act as emittance-damping items....
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...In the case of an extreme DLSR, we can now even sacrifice electron beam lifetime (Nagaoka & Bane, 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Tavares et al., 2014) (to some extent) by relying on frequent top-up injection....
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...To keep these effects within acceptable limits, present projects deliberately stretch the electron bunches in the longitudinal direction by using low-frequency RF and high-harmonic cavities (Tavares et al., 2014)....
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...Since the ring emittance is defined by the electron-optic properties of the dipoles, the relative impact of IDs on the emittance, which still generally have strong magnet fields, is increased....
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TL;DR: The basic principles of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy are reviewed, some novel approaches to XPCS analysis are discussed, and a discussion of the future impact of diffraction-limited storage rings on new types of X PCS experiments is discussed.
Abstract: In recent years, X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) has emerged as one of the key probes of slow nanoscale fluctuations, applicable to a wide range of condensed matter and materials systems. This article briefly reviews the basic principles of XPCS as well as some of its recent applications, and discusses some novel approaches to XPCS analysis. It concludes with a discussion of the future impact of diffraction-limited storage rings on new types of XPCS experiments, pushing the temporal resolution to nanosecond and possibly even picosecond time scales.
148 citations
"Diffraction-limited storage rings -..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Several articles in this issue attempt to describe why improved light sources are needed and what they will allow (McMahon, 2014; Thibault et al., 2014; Frenkel & van Bokhoven, 2014; Rotenberg & Bostwick, 2014; Schmitt et al., 2014; Shpyrko, 2014; de Jonge et al., 2014; Hitchcock & Toney, 2014)....
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...DLSRs will also be used for four-dimensional imaging (Thibault et al., 2014; Shpyrko, 2014; de Jonge et al., 2014; Hitchcock & Toney, 2014)....
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...…of a sample to reconstruct information beyond the size of the X-ray focus (Thibault et al., 2014; de Jonge et al., 2014) as well as for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (Shpyrko, 2014), where a correlation function depends on two scattering events separated by a certain delay time....
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...Maybe this is an area where in recent years progress has been greatest, but potential is still largest (Denes & Schmitt, 2014; Shpyrko, 2014; de Jonge et al., 2014)....
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...21, 837–842 Mikael Eriksson et al. Diffraction-limited storage rings 839 science, soft matter and biology (Shpyrko, 2014; de Jonge et al., 2014; Hitchcock & Toney, 2014)....
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TL;DR: A review of fourth-generation ring design concepts and plans in the world is presented and it is suggested that future larger-circumference rings, possibly housed in >2-km tunnels made available by decommissioned high-energy physics accelerators, could have sub-10-pm-rad emittances, providing very high coherence for >10-keV X-rays.
Abstract: It has been known for decades that the emittance of multi-GeV storage rings can be reduced to very small values using multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattices. However, a practical design of a ring having emittance approaching the diffraction limit for multi-keV photons, i.e. a diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR), with a circumference of order 1 km or less was not possible before the development of small-aperture vacuum systems and other accelerator technology, together with an evolution in the understanding and accurate simulation of non-linear beam dynamics, had taken place. The 3-GeV MAX IV project in Sweden has initiated a new era of MBA storage ring light source design, i.e. a fourth generation, with the Sirius project in Brazil now following suit, each having an order of magnitude smaller horizontal emittance than third-generation machines. The ESRF, APS and SPring-8 are all exploring 6-GeV MBA lattice conversions in the imminent future while China is considering a similar-energy green-field machine. Other lower-energy facilities, including the ALS, SLS, Soleil, Diamond and others, are studying the possibility of such conversions. Future larger-circumference rings, possibly housed in >2-km tunnels made available by decommissioned high-energy physics accelerators, could have sub-10-pm-rad emittances, providing very high coherence for >10-keV X-rays. A review of fourth-generation ring design concepts and plans in the world is presented.
127 citations
"Diffraction-limited storage rings -..." refers background in this paper
...Today’s third-generation synchrotron radiation sources have an extreme asymmetry in the geometrical source size ( x, y) (Hettel, 2014)....
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...This also eases the problem of making strong magnet lenses (quadrupoles, sextupoles, octupoles) (Hettel, 2014), since the number of Ampère-turns can be kept low and room-temperature technology can be used without saturation of the magnet poles (Johansson et al., 2014)....
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...This is achieved by building the ring from a large number of focusing cells (Hettel, 2014; Einfeld et al., 2014)....
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...In fact, the horizontal emittance "0, which determines the average spectral brightness Bavgð Þ and the coherent fraction fcohð Þ, scales inversely with the third power of the number of bending magnets Nd: "0 N 3d (Hettel, 2014)....
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...The lower horizontal emittance poses less stringent requirements on the horizontal field profile of undulators (Hettel, 2014)....
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TL;DR: In a systematic and direct experimental demonstration of reduced radiation damage in protein crystals with small beams, damage was measured as a function of micron-sized X-ray beams of decreasing dimensions and is less anisotropic than photoelectrons emission probability, consistent with photoelectron trajectory simulations.
Abstract: Radiation damage is a major limitation in crystallography of biological macromolecules, even for cryocooled samples, and is particularly acute in microdiffraction. For the X-ray energies most commonly used for protein crystallography at synchrotron sources, photoelectrons are the predominant source of radiation damage. If the beam size is small relative to the photoelectron path length, then the photoelectron may escape the beam footprint, resulting in less damage in the illuminated volume. Thus, it may be possible to exploit this phenomenon to reduce radiation-induced damage during data measurement for techniques such as diffraction, spectroscopy, and imaging that use X-rays to probe both crystalline and noncrystalline biological samples. In a systematic and direct experimental demonstration of reduced radiation damage in protein crystals with small beams, damage was measured as a function of micron-sized X-ray beams of decreasing dimensions. The damage rate normalized for dose was reduced by a factor of three from the largest (15.6 μm) to the smallest (0.84 μm) X-ray beam used. Radiation-induced damage to protein crystals was also mapped parallel and perpendicular to the polarization direction of an incident 1-μm X-ray beam. Damage was greatest at the beam center and decreased monotonically to zero at a distance of about 4 μm, establishing the range of photoelectrons. The observed damage is less anisotropic than photoelectron emission probability, consistent with photoelectron trajectory simulations. These experimental results provide the basis for data collection protocols to mitigate with micron-sized X-ray beams the effects of radiation damage.
114 citations
"Diffraction-limited storage rings -..." refers background in this paper
...We note here that radiation damage is expected to be reduced in a tiny crystal because a substantial part of photoelectrons can simply escape (Sanishvili et al., 2011)....
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