Diffusion of Univalent Ions Across the Lamellae of Swollen Phospholipids
TL;DR: It is found that as the surface charge of the lipid lamellae is increased, the amount of cation per μmle of lipid increases, and the phospholipid liquid crystalline structures appear to “bind” or “capture” cations.
About: This article is published in Journal of Molecular Biology.The article was published on 1965-08-01. It has received 4341 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biological membrane & Diffusion.
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TL;DR: Lipidic nanoparticles are the first nanomedicine delivery system to make the transition from concept to clinical application, and they are now an established technology platform with considerable clinical acceptance.
3,497 citations
Cites background from "Diffusion of Univalent Ions Across ..."
...In their 1965 citation classic, the late Alec Bangham and colleagues published the first description of swollen phospholipid systems [10] that established the basis for model membrane systems [11,12]....
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TL;DR: This Perspective explores and explains the fundamental dogma of nanoparticle delivery to tumours and answers two central questions: ‘ how many nanoparticles accumulate in a tumour?’ and ‘how does this number affect the clinical translation of nanomedicines?'
Abstract: This Perspective explores and explains the fundamental dogma of nanoparticle delivery to tumours and answers two central questions: ‘how many nanoparticles accumulate in a tumour?’ and ‘how does this number affect the clinical translation of nanomedicines?’
3,335 citations
TL;DR: This Review focuses on recent progress important for the rational design of such nanoparticles and discusses the challenges to realizing the potential of nanoparticles.
Abstract: Engineered nanoparticles have the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases; for example, by allowing the targeted delivery of a drug to particular subsets of cells. However, so far, such nanoparticles have not proved capable of surmounting all of the biological barriers required to achieve this goal. Nevertheless, advances in nanoparticle engineering, as well as advances in understanding the importance of nanoparticle characteristics such as size, shape and surface properties for biological interactions, are creating new opportunities for the development of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. This Review focuses on recent progress important for the rational design of such nanoparticles and discusses the challenges to realizing the potential of nanoparticles.
3,239 citations
TL;DR: This work focuses on the application of nanotechnology to drug delivery and highlights several areas of opportunity where current and emerging nanotechnologies could enable entirely novel classes of therapeutics.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is the engineering and manufacturing of materials at the atomic and molecular scale. In its strictest definition from the National Nanotechnology Initiative, nanotechnology refers to structures roughly in the 1−100 nm size regime in at least one dimension. Despite this size restriction, nanotechnology commonly refers to structures that are up to several hundred nanometers in size and that are developed by top-down or bottom-up engineering of individual components. Herein, we focus on the application of nanotechnology to drug delivery and highlight several areas of opportunity where current and emerging nanotechnologies could enable entirely novel classes of therapeutics.
2,783 citations
Cites background from "Diffusion of Univalent Ions Across ..."
...Among the first nanotechnology drug delivery systems were lipid vesicles, which were described in the 1960s and later became known as liposomes.(10) Subsequently, a variety of other organic and inorganic biomaterials for drug delivery were developed....
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TL;DR: A substantial fraction of the aqueous phase is entrapped within the vesicles, encapsulating even large macromolecular assemblies with high efficiency, and has unique advantages for encapsulating valuable water-soluble materials such as drugs, proteins, nucleic acids, and other biochemical reagents.
Abstract: Large unilamellar and oligolamellar vesicles are formed when an aqueous buffer is introduced into a mixture of phospholipid and organic solvent and the organic solvent is subsequently removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. These vesicles can be made from various lipids or mixtures of lipids and have aqueous volume to lipid ratios that are 30 times higher than sonicated preparations and 4 times higher than multilamellar vesicles. Most importantly, a substantial fraction of the aqueous phase (up to 62% at low salt concentrations) is entrapped within the vesicles, encapsulating even large macromolecular assemblies with high efficiency. Thus, this relatively simple technique has unique advantages for encapsulating valuable water-soluble materials such as drugs, proteins, nucleic acids, and other biochemical reagents. The preparation and properties of the vesicles are described in detail.
2,400 citations
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31 Dec 1959
TL;DR: In this paper, a classic account describes the known exact solutions of problems of heat flow, with detailed discussion of all the most important boundary value problems, including boundary value maximization.
Abstract: This classic account describes the known exact solutions of problems of heat flow, with detailed discussion of all the most important boundary value problems.
21,807 citations
TL;DR: The negative-staining technique was applied to the study of lipid phase structures in the electron microscope and lecithin dispersions were shown to be progressively disrupted after mixing with lysolecithin in water.
1,552 citations
TL;DR: By forming such a membrane between two compartments filled with saline its transverse electrical properties can be measured, and controlled chemical investigations can be undertaken.
Abstract: THE formation of single, stable bimolecular lipid and proteolipid1 membranes up to 10 mm.2 in area has been accomplished routinely in 0.1 M saline solution by methods analogous to the formation of Hooke-Newton ‘secondary black’ in air soap films2–4. By forming such a membrane between two compartments filled with saline its transverse electrical properties can be measured, and controlled chemical investigations can be undertaken.
1,338 citations
TL;DR: The interpretation of the electron microscope observations of the structure of lipoprotein membranes is discussed, and some possible biological implications are suggested.
Abstract: Some simple lipid-water systems have been studied by x-ray scattering techniques, as a function of lipid concentration and temperature. Several liquid-crystalline phases have been found, and their structure has been determined: only one of these is lamellar. In all these phases the hydrocarbon part of the lipid molecules has a disordered, liquid-like structure. One biological phospholipid, a human brain extract, has been studied by the same technique, and two liquid-crystalline phases have been found: a lamellar phase, built up by an ordered sequence of lipid and water planar sheets, and a hexagonal phase, which is a hexagonal array of circular cylinders, each cylinder being a thin water channel covered by the hydrophilic groups of the lipid molecules, the hydrocarbon chains filling the gap between the cylinders. The interpretation of the electron microscope observations of the structure of lipoprotein membranes is discussed, and some possible biological implications are suggested.
786 citations