Digital camera identification from sensor pattern noise
Citations
850 citations
Cites background from "Digital camera identification from ..."
...…factor common to all blocks (this factor may be due to processing uniformly applied to the whole image, such as lossy compression or filtering), we arrive at the following hypothesis testing problem: (10) where now , , is WGN with zero mean and known variance and , is a known constant ....
[...]
...The predictor is constructed as a mapping from some feature space to a real number in the interval [0,1]—the predicted value of ....
[...]
...Allowing these estimates to be accurate up to an unknown multiplicative factor common to all blocks (this factor may be due to processing uniformly applied to the whole image, such as lossy compression or filtering), we arrive at the following hypothesis testing problem: (10) where now , , is WGN…...
[...]
846 citations
Cites background from "Digital camera identification from ..."
...Cameras [1,2], typewriters [3], and quartz crystal clocks [4,5] are among the devices that can be ? Thanks to my colleagues at EFF for their help with many aspects of this project, especially Seth Schoen, Tim Jones, Hugh D’Andrade, Chris Controllini, Stu Matthews, Rebecca Jeschke and Cindy Cohn; to Jered Wierzbicki, John Buckman and Igor Serebryany for MySQL advice; and to Andrew Clausen, Arvind Narayanan and Jonathan Mayer for helpful discussions about the data....
[...]
825 citations
448 citations
440 citations
References
[...]
2,849 citations
"Digital camera identification from ..." refers methods in this paper
...Because of the noise-like character of the PNU noise, it is natural to detect its presence in an image using correlation as is commonly done in robust watermark detection [11]....
[...]
1,297 citations
"Digital camera identification from ..." refers background in this paper
...While it is commonly done for astronomical imaging,2consumer digital cameras do not flat field their images because it is difficult to achieve uniform sensor illumination inside the camera....
[...]
...The heart of every digital camera is the imaging sensor....
[...]
...This is partly because of the shot noise (also known as photonic noise [7], [8]), which is a random component, and partly because of the pattern noise—a deterministic component that stays approximately the same if multiple pictures of the exact same scene are taken....
[...]
529 citations
467 citations
"Digital camera identification from ..." refers methods in this paper
...Techniques, such as the one described in [ 16 ], may help us alleviate the computational complexity of brute force searches by retrieving some information about applied geometrical operations....
[...]
444 citations
"Digital camera identification from ..." refers methods in this paper
...Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIFS.2006.873602 taken (exposure, date, and time, etc.)....
[...]
...However, images are not typically stored in raw formats and are only available as TIFF/JPEG, which means they are already processed in the camera [2, Sec....
[...]
...All images were converted to 24-b TIFF using Sigma PhotoPro 2.1....
[...]
...Images taken in the Nikon NEF raw format were converted by Nikon Capture 4.0 into the 24-b true color TIFF format....
[...]
...Images in the Canon CRW raw format were converted using the Canon Utilities RAW Image Converter version 1.2.1 to the 24-b true-color TIFF format....
[...]