Digital signature of color images using amplitude modulation
15 Jan 1997-Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases (International Society for Optics and Photonics)-Vol. 3022, pp 518-526
TL;DR: A new method based on amplitude modulation is presented that has shown to be resistant to both classical attacks, such as filtering, and geometrical attacks and can be extracted without the original image.
Abstract: Watermarking techniques, also referred to as digital signature, sign images by introducing changes that are imperceptible to the human eye but easily recoverable by a computer program. Generally, the signature is a number which identifies the owner of the image. The locations in the image where the signature is embedded are determined by a secret key. Doing so prevents possible pirates from easily removing the signature. Furthermore, it should be possible to retrieve the signature from an altered image. Possible alternations of signed images include blurring, compression and geometrical transformations such as rotation and translation. These alterations are referred to as attacks. A new method based on amplitude modulation is presented. Single signature bits are multiply embedded by modifying pixel values in the blue channel. These modifications are either additive or subtractive, depending on the value of the bit, and proportional to the luminance. This new method has shown to be resistant to both classical attacks, such as filtering, and geometrical attacks. Moreover, the signature can be extracted without the original image.
Citations
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Book•
31 Dec 1999
TL;DR: This first comprehensive survey of steganography and watermarking and their application to modern communications and multimedia and an overview of "steganalysis," methods which can be used to break steganographic communication are discussed.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Steganography, a means by which two or more parties may communicate using "invisible" or "subliminal" communication, and watermarking, a means of hiding copyright data in images, are becoming necessary components of commercial multimedia applications that are subject to illegal use. This new book is the first comprehensive survey of steganography and watermarking and their application to modern communications and multimedia.
Handbook of Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking helps you understand steganography, the history of this previously neglected element of cryptography, the hurdles of international law on strong cryptographic techniques, a description of possible applications, and a survey of the methods you can use to hide information in modern media. Included in this discussion is an overview of "steganalysis," methods which can be used to break steganographic communication.
This comprehensive resource also includes an introduction to and survey of watermarking methods, and discusses this method's similarities and differences to steganography. You gain a working knowledge of watermarking's pros and cons, and you learn the legal implications of watermarking and copyright issues on the Internet.
1,732 citations
01 Jul 1999
TL;DR: The basic concepts of watermarking systems are outlined and illustrated with proposed water marking methods for images, video, audio, text documents, and other media.
Abstract: Multimedia watermarking technology has evolved very quickly during the last few years. A digital watermark is information that is imperceptibly and robustly embedded in the host data such that it cannot be removed. A watermark typically contains information about the origin, status, or recipient of the host data. In this tutorial paper, the requirements and applications for watermarking are reviewed. Applications include copyright protection, data monitoring, and data tracking. The basic concepts of watermarking systems are outlined and illustrated with proposed watermarking methods for images, video, audio, text documents, and other media. Robustness and security aspects are discussed in detail. Finally, a few remarks are made about the state of the art and possible future developments in watermarking technology.
1,447 citations
01 Jun 1998
TL;DR: The reliability of data-embedding procedures and their ability to deliver new services such as viewing a movie in a given rated version from a single multicast stream are discussed.
Abstract: We review developments in transparent data embedding and watermarking for audio, image, and video. Data-embedding and watermarking algorithms embed text, binary streams, audio, image, or video in a host audio, image, or video signal. The embedded data are perceptually inaudible or invisible to maintain the quality of the source data. The embedded data can add features to the host multimedia signal, e.g., multilingual soundtracks in a movie, or provide copyright protection. We discuss the reliability of data-embedding procedures and their ability to deliver new services such as viewing a movie in a given rated version from a single multicast stream. We also discuss the issues and problems associated with copy and copyright protection and assess the viability of current watermarking algorithms as a means for protecting copyrighted data.
1,023 citations
Additional excerpts
...1068 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 86, NO. 6, JUNE 1998...
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TL;DR: The proposed method is robust and of much lower complexity than a complete decoding process followed by watermarking in the pixel domain and re-encoding, and is also applicable to other hybrid transform coding schemes like MPEG-1, MPEG-4, H.263.
861 citations
TL;DR: The authors begin by discussing the need for watermarking and the requirements and go on to discuss digitalWatermarking techniques based on correlation and techniques that are notbased on correlation.
Abstract: The authors begin by discussing the need for watermarking and the requirements. They go on to discuss digital watermarking techniques based on correlation and techniques that are not based on correlation.
789 citations
References
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TL;DR: It is argued that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations and common geometric transformations provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image.
Abstract: This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
6,194 citations
"Digital signature of color images u..." refers background in this paper
...More recently, a spread spectrum technique has led to signi cant improvements.(3) Although it resists to ltering, it is vulnerable to geometrical attacks such as rotation, translation and image composition....
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TL;DR: The paper discusses the feasibility of coding an "undetectable" digital water mark on a standard 512/spl times/512 intensity image with an 8 bit gray scale, capable of carrying such information as authentication or authorisation codes, or a legend essential for image interpretation.
Abstract: The paper discusses the feasibility of coding an "undetectable" digital water mark on a standard 512/spl times/512 intensity image with an 8 bit gray scale. The watermark is capable of carrying such information as authentication or authorisation codes, or a legend essential for image interpretation. This capability is envisaged to find application in image tagging, copyright enforcement, counterfeit protection, and controlled access. Two methods of implementation are discussed. The first is based on bit plane manipulation of the LSB, which offers easy and rapid decoding. The second method utilises linear addition of the water mark to the image data, and is more difficult to decode, offering inherent security. This linearity property also allows some image processing, such as averaging, to take place on the image, without corrupting the water mark beyond recovery. Either method is potentially compatible with JPEG and MPEG processing. >
1,407 citations
"Digital signature of color images u..." refers background in this paper
...Van Schyndel et al.5 and Bender et al.1 proposed a straightforward technique to sign gray scale images by adding a watermark image to the original image....
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...Van Schyndel et al.(5) and Bender et al....
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TL;DR: This work explores both traditional and novel techniques for addressing the data hiding process and evaluates these techniques in light of three applications: copyright protecting, tamper-proofing, and augmentation data embedding.
Abstract: Data hiding is the process of embedding data into image and audio signals. The process is constrained by the quantity of data, the need for invariance of the data under conditions where the `host' signal is subject to distortions, e.g., compression, and the degree to which the data must be immune to interception, modification, or removal. We explore both traditional and novel techniques for addressing the data hiding process and evaluate these techniques in light of three applications: copyright protecting, tamper-proofing, and augmentation data embedding.
1,343 citations
"Digital signature of color images u..." refers background in this paper
...Van Schyndel et al.5 and Bender et al.1 proposed a straightforward technique to sign gray scale images by adding a watermark image to the original image....
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...and Bender et al.(1) proposed a straightforward technique to sign gray scale images by adding a watermark image to the original image....
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