Dimensional effects of nanostructured Mg/MgH2 for hydrogen storage applications: A review
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental properties, preparation, activation kinetics and thermodynamic stability of various nanostructured Mg/MgH2 materials (including bulk particles, nanofilms, nanowires and nanoparticles confined in nanoporous carbon structures and encapsulated by polymers) for feasible hydrogen storage applications are summarized.
Abstract: Hydrogen is regarded as an ideal fuel for vehicle applications owing to its high chemical energy. However, for on-board energy storage, fuel cell electric vehicles need compact, light, and affordable hydrogen storage system to replace the pressurized hydrogen tanks. In this regard, various materials and composites have been developed for denser and safer hydrogen storage. Among them, Mg is considered as a highly promising material to store the hydrogen in terms of gravimetric and volumetric capacity. However, because of its higher thermodynamic stability and sluggish hydrogen sorption kinetics, the sorption temperature is high and the sorption time is long, limiting for practical usage. Nanoscale material designs with various dimensionalities that have been extensively studied and used in countless research and development sectors, which can provide new strategies to tackle the limitations of Mg based hydrogen storage system. This review describes the fundamental properties, preparation, activation kinetics and thermodynamic stability of various nanostructured Mg/MgH2 materials (including bulk particles, nanofilms, nanowires and nanoparticles confined in nanoporous carbon structures and encapsulated by polymers) for feasible hydrogen storage applications, and summarizes their dimensional effects.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a brief review of hydrogen as an ideal sustainable energy carrier for the future economy, its storage as the stumbling block as well as the current position of solid-state hydrogen storage in metal hydrides and makes a recommendation based on the most promising novel discoveries made in the field in recent times which suggests a prospective breakthrough towards a hydrogen economy.
1,440 citations
University of the Western Cape1, Max Planck Society2, Autonomous University of Madrid3, University of Turin4, University of Paris5, Curtin University6, University of Nottingham7, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev8, Aarhus University9, Utrecht University10, University of Bologna11, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology12, South China University of Technology13, Griffith University14
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the latest activities on both fundamental aspects of Mg-based hydrides and their applications is presented, as well as a historic overview on the topic and outlines projected future developments.
411 citations
Cites background from "Dimensional effects of nanostructur..."
...The latter review articles were focused on specific aspects of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials including rare earth–Mg–Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys for electrochemical applications (2011 [15]); catalyst/additive-enhanced MgH2 (2015 [16]; 2017 [17]); nanostructuring and size effects (2015 [18]; 2017 [19]); interrelations between composition, structure, morphology and properties of the Mg-based hydrides (IEA Task 32 report, 2016 [20]); optimisation of MgH2 through the use of catalytic additives, incorporation of defects and an understanding of the rate-limiting processes during absorption and desorption (IEA Task 32 report, 2016 [21])....
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TL;DR: This review aims to understand and explain the underpinnings of the innovative concepts and strategies developed over the past decade to tune the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen storage reactions, with several promising directions and strategies that could lead to the next generation of solid-state materials for hydrogen storage applications.
Abstract: Knowledge and foundational understanding of phenomena associated with the behavior of materials at the nanoscale is one of the key scientific challenges toward a sustainable energy future. Size reduction from bulk to the nanoscale leads to a variety of exciting and anomalous phenomena due to enhanced surface-to-volume ratio, reduced transport length, and tunable nanointerfaces. Nanostructured metal hydrides are an important class of materials with significant potential for energy storage applications. Hydrogen storage in nanoscale metal hydrides has been recognized as a potentially transformative technology, and the field is now growing steadily due to the ability to tune the material properties more independently and drastically compared to those of their bulk counterparts. The numerous advantages of nanostructured metal hydrides compared to bulk include improved reversibility, altered heats of hydrogen absorption/desorption, nanointerfacial reaction pathways with faster rates, and new surface states cap...
399 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the recent progress in catalysis and nanoconfinement effects on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 is comprehensively reviewed and the future challenges and prospects of emerging research for Mg H2 are discussed.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, vanadium oxide nanoparticles supported on cubic carbon nanoboxes (nano-V2O3@C) are synthesized successfully by using MIL-47(V) as a precursor, and superior catalytic effects derived from the nano-V 2O 3@C composite towards the hydrogen storage reaction of MgH2 are demonstrated.
Abstract: Magnesium hydride (MgH2) has attracted intense interest as a high-capacity hydrogen storage material. However, high thermal stability and slow kinetics limit its practical applications. Herein, vanadium oxide nanoparticles supported on cubic carbon nanoboxes (nano-V2O3@C) are synthesized successfully by using MIL-47(V) as a precursor, and superior catalytic effects derived from the nano-V2O3@C composite towards the hydrogen storage reaction of MgH2 are demonstrated. The MgH2-9 wt% nano-V2O3@C sample starts releasing hydrogen at 215 °C, which is 60 °C lower than that of the additive-free MgH2. At 275 °C, approximately 6.4 wt% of hydrogen is released from the MgH2-9 wt% V2O3@C sample within 20 min. The dehydrogenated sample absorbs hydrogen even at room temperature under 50 bar of hydrogen pressure, and rehydrogenation is complete within 700 s at 150 °C. XRD and XPS measurements identify the existence of metallic V after ball milling, and its presence remains nearly constant in the subsequent dehydrogenation/hydrogenation process upon heating. Further ab initio calculations reveal that the presence of V facilitates the breaking of the Mg–H bond of the MgH2 unit, which is reasonably responsible for the significantly reduced operating temperatures and improved kinetics of the V-catalysed MgH2.
98 citations
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TL;DR: This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoeLECTrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors and the advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices.
Abstract: New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoelectrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices are highlighted.
8,157 citations
TL;DR: Recent developments in the search for innovative materials with high hydrogen-storage capacity are presented.
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7,414 citations
TL;DR: Some of the recent scientific advances in nanomaterials, and especially in nanostructured materials, for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are reviewed.
Abstract: Energy storage is more important today than at any time in human history. Future generations of rechargeable lithium batteries are required to power portable electronic devices (cellphones, laptop computers etc.), store electricity from renewable sources, and as a vital component in new hybrid electric vehicles. To achieve the increase in energy and power density essential to meet the future challenges of energy storage, new materials chemistry, and especially new nanomaterials chemistry, is essential. We must find ways of synthesizing new nanomaterials with new properties or combinations of properties, for use as electrodes and electrolytes in lithium batteries. Herein we review some of the recent scientific advances in nanomaterials, and especially in nanostructured materials, for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
5,441 citations
TL;DR: A review of metal hydrides on properties including hydrogen-storage capacity, kinetics, cyclic behavior, toxicity, pressure and thermal response is presented in this article, where a group of Mg-based hydride stand as promising candidate for competitive hydrogen storage with reversible hydrogen capacity up to 7.6 W% for on-board applications.
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Abstract: Direct water electrolysis was achieved with a novel, integrated, monolithic photoelectrochemical-photovoltaic design. This photoelectrochemical cell, which is voltage biased with an integrated photovoltaic device, splits water directly upon illumination; light is the only energy input. The hydrogen production efficiency of this system, based on the short-circuit current and the lower heating value of hydrogen, is 12.4 percent.
2,052 citations