Discovering Statistics (4th Edition ed.
01 Jan 2013-
About: The article was published on 2013-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 1544 citations till now.
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TL;DR: Among transformation approaches, a general purpose rank-based inverse normal transformation was most beneficial, however, when samples were both small and extremely nonnormal, the permutation test often outperformed other alternatives, including various bootstrap tests.
Abstract: It is well known that when data are nonnormally distributed, a test of the significance of Pearson's r may inflate Type I error rates and reduce power. Statistics textbooks and the simulation literature provide several alternatives to Pearson's correlation. However, the relative performance of these alternatives has been unclear. Two simulation studies were conducted to compare 12 methods, including Pearson, Spearman's rank-order, transformation, and resampling approaches. With most sample sizes (n ≥ 20), Type I and Type II error rates were minimized by transforming the data to a normal shape prior to assessing the Pearson correlation. Among transformation approaches, a general purpose rank-based inverse normal transformation (i.e., transformation to rankit scores) was most beneficial. However, when samples were both small (n ≤ 10) and extremely nonnormal, the permutation test often outperformed other alternatives, including various bootstrap tests.
471 citations
TL;DR: The results show that online students utilised SRL strategies more often than blended learning students, with the exception of peer learning and help seeking, and key SRL predictors of academic performance were largely equivalent between online and blendedlearning students.
Abstract: The existing literature suggests that self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies are relevant to student grade performance in both online and blended contexts, although few, if any, studies have compared them. However, due to challenges unique to each group, the variety of SRL strategies that are implicated, and their effect size for predicting performance may differ across contexts. One hundred and forty online students and 466 blended learning students completed the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. The results show that online students utilised SRL strategies more often than blended learning students, with the exception of peer learning and help seeking. Despite some differences in individual predictive value across enrolment status, the key SRL predictors of academic performance were largely equivalent between online and blended learning students. Findings highlight the relative importance of using time management and elaboration strategies, while avoiding rehearsal strategies, in relation to academic subject grade for both study modes.
370 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether a psychometric instrument can differentiate intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load, and found that a slightly modified version of the aforementioned psychometric device could help researchers to differentiate intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load.
358 citations
TL;DR: The results revealed that parents usually waited a year from when they first had concerns about their child’s development before they sought professional help, and just over half of the parents surveyed were dissatisfied with the diagnostic process as a whole.
Abstract: A sample of 1047 parents completed an online survey about their experiences and opinions regarding the process of attaining a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder for their children. The results revealed that parents usually waited a year from when they first had concerns about their child's development before they sought professional help. On average, there was a delay of around 3.5 years from the point at which parents first approached a health professional with their concerns to the confirmation of an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. Just over half of the parents surveyed were dissatisfied with the diagnostic process as a whole. Several factors predicted parents' overall levels of satisfaction with the diagnostic process, including the time taken to receive a diagnosis, satisfaction with the information provided at diagnosis, the manner of the diagnosing professional, the stress associated with the diagnostic process and satisfaction with post-diagnostic support. Post-diagnosis, the support (if any) that was provided to parents was deemed unsatisfactory, and this was highlighted as an area of particular concern among parents.
337 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that 17% of students engaged in sexting, which varied significantly by age (3% of 12-year olds to 32% of 18-year-olds).
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sexting among sixth through twelfth grade students and its correlations with other risk behaviors. The survey was conducted in 35 different schools in a midwestern state. Overall, 17% of students engaged in sexting, which varied significantly by age (3% of 12-year-olds to 32% of 18-year-olds). Adjusted odds ratios found statistically significant correlations between sexting and sexual behaviors, substance use behaviors, emotional health behaviors, and time spent texting. Sexting should be addressed by parents, teachers, and mental health professionals who interact with adolescents.
309 citations