Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids and its application : a mini-review
TL;DR: In this article, the dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids and its application were reviewed, where cellulose can be easily regenerated from its ionic liquid solutions by addition of water, ethanol or acetone.
About: This article is published in Green Chemistry.The article was published on 2006-03-30. It has received 1488 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ionic liquid & Cellulose.
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TL;DR: A survey of biomass pret treatment technologies with emphasis on concepts, mechanism of action and practicability, and the potential for industrial applications of different pretreatment technologies are the highlights of this paper.
1,618 citations
Cites background or methods from "Dissolution of cellulose with ionic..."
...Studies show that 1-allyl-3-methylimidazonium chloride (AMIMCl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazonium chloride (BMIMCl) can be used effectively as a non-derivatising solvent for the dissolution of cellulose at temperatures below 100 °C (Zhang and Lynd 2006; Zhu et al. 2006)....
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...Recently the used of Ionic Liquids and Cellulose Solvent-based Lignocellulose Fractionation have been proposed (Zhu et al. 2006; Zhu et al. 2009)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the application of ionic liquids to the deconstruction and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, in a process step that is commonly called pretreatment, is discussed.
1,260 citations
TL;DR: This review aims to provide a summary of the current state of knowledge on the structural features of wood and introduces a new class of solvents, called ionic liquids, which have many attractive properties, including chemical and thermal stability, nonflammability, and immeasurably low vapor pressure.
Abstract: Sustainability, industrial ecology, eco-efficiency, and green chemistry are directing the development of the next generation of materials, products, and processes. Biodegradable plastics and biocompatible composites generated from renewable biomass feedstock are regarded as promising materials that could replace synthetic polymers and reduce global dependence on fossil fuel sources.1 It is estimated that the world is currently consuming petroleum at a rate 100 000 times faster than nature can replace it.2 The growing global environmental awareness and societal concern, high rate of depletion of petroleum resources, concepts of sustainability, and new environmental regulations have triggered the search for new products and processes that are more compatible with the environment. The most abundant natural polymer in our environment is cellulose. It has an estimated annual biosphere production of 90 × 109 metric tons and, consequently, represents the most obvious renewable resource for producing biocomposites.3 Its highly ordered structure is responsible for its desirable mechanical properties but makes it a challenge to find suitable solvents for its dissolution.4 The first attempts to dissolve cellulose date back to the early 1920s.5 Several aqueous and nonaqueous cellulose solvents have been discovered since then, but all of these solvents suffer either from high environmental toxicity or from insufficient solvation power.6 In general, the traditional cellulose dissolution processes require relatively harsh conditions and the use of expensive and uncommon solvents, which usually cannot be recovered after the process.6-10 However, a new class of solvents was opened to the cellulose research community, when in 2002 Swatloski et al. reported the use of an ionic liquid as solvent for cellulose both for the regeneration of cellulose and for the chemical modification of the polysaccharide.7 In 1934, Graenacher had discovered a solvent system with the ability to dissolve cellulose, but this was thought to be of little practical value at the time.11,12 Ionic liquids are a group of salts that exist as liquids at relatively low temperatures (<100 °C). They have many attractive properties, including chemical and thermal stability, nonflammability, and immeasurably low vapor pressure.12 First discovered in 1914 by Walden, their huge potential in industry and research was only realized within the last few decades.13,14 This review aims to provide a summary of our current state of knowledge on the structural features of wood * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ken.marsh@ canterbury.ac.nz. Tel.: +64 3364 2140. Fax: +64 3364 2063. † Department of Chemical and Process Engineering. ‡ Department of Mechanical Engineering. Andre Pinkert was born in Schwabach, Germany, in 1981. He studied Chemistry at the University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany, and received his prediploma and diploma degrees in 2004 and 2008, respectively. During 2005, he joined the Marine Natural Products Group, lead by Murray H. Munro and John W. Blunt, at the University of Canterbury (UoC), New Zealand, working on the isolation and characterization of bioactive metabolites. In early 2006, he returned to Germany and resumed his studies at the University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, finishing his degree under the supervision of Rudi van Eldik. Associated with his studies, during 2007, he worked for AREVA NP on radio-nuclear chemistry and computer modeling. Since 2008, he is studying towards a Ph.D. degree at UoC under the supervision of Shusheng Pang, Ken Marsh, and Mark Staiger. His research focuses on biocomposites from natural fibers, processed via ionic liquids. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 6712–6728 6712
1,252 citations
TL;DR: This critical review will assess the greenness and sustainability of IL processing of biomass, where it would seem that the choices of cation and anion are critical not only to the science of the dissolution, but to the ultimate 'greenness' of any process.
Abstract: Utilization of natural polymers has attracted increasing attention because of the consumption and over-exploitation of non-renewable resources, such as coal and oil. The development of green processing of cellulose, the most abundant biorenewable material on Earth, is urgent from the viewpoints of both sustainability and environmental protection. The discovery of the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids (ILs, salts which melt below 100 °C) provides new opportunities for the processing of this biopolymer, however, many fundamental and practical questions need to be answered in order to determine if this will ultimately be a green or sustainable strategy. In this critical review, the open fundamental questions regarding the interactions of cellulose with both the IL cations and anions in the dissolution process are discussed. Investigations have shown that the interactions between the anion and cellulose play an important role in the solvation of cellulose, however, opinions on the role of the cation are conflicting. Some researchers have concluded that the cations are hydrogen bonding to this biopolymer, while others suggest they are not. Our review of the available data has led us to urge the use of more chemical units of solubility, such as ‘g cellulose per mole of IL’ or ‘mol IL per mol hydroxyl in cellulose’ to provide more consistency in data reporting and more insight into the dissolution mechanism. This review will also assess the greenness and sustainability of IL processing of biomass, where it would seem that the choices of cation and anion are critical not only to the science of the dissolution, but to the ultimate ‘greenness’ of any process (142 references).
1,090 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on recent developments in pretreatments, nanofibrillated cellulose production and its application in nanopaper applications, coating additives, security papers, food packaging, and surface modifications and also for first time its drying.
994 citations
Cites background from "Dissolution of cellulose with ionic..."
...Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts having the temperature below 100 ◦C (Zhu et al., 2006)....
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...Ionic liquids Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts having the temperature below 100 ◦C (Zhu et al., 2006)....
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References
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TL;DR: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation effectively removes glucose, which is an inhibitor to cellulase activity, thus increasing the yield and rate of cellulose hydrolysis, thereby increasing the cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials.
5,860 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that cellulose can be dissolved without activation or pretreatment in, and regenerated from, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and other hydrophilic ionic liquids.
Abstract: We report here initial results that demonstrate that cellulose can be dissolved without activation or pretreatment in, and regenerated from, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and other hydrophilic ionic liquids. This may enable the application of ionic liquids as alternatives to environmentally undesirable solvents currently used for dissolution of this important bioresource.
4,276 citations
TL;DR: The use of room-temperature chloroaluminate(III) ionic liquids as solvents for clean synthesis and catalytic processes, particularly those applicable to clean technology, is becoming widely recognised and accepted as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The use of room-temperature chloroaluminate(III) ionic liquids, specifically 1-butylpyridinium chloride–aluminium(III) chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride–aluminium(III) chloride, as solvents for clean synthesis and catalytic processes, particularly those applicable to clean technology, is becoming widely recognised and accepted. The design principles for room-temperature ionic liquids, some of their properties, and the rationale for using these neoteric solvents, are discussed here, and an indication of the scope of these solvents for future industrial processes is given. © 1997 SCI.
1,952 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new and highly efficient direct solvent, 1-allyl-3methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl), has been used for the dissolution and regeneration of cellulose.
Abstract: A new and highly efficient direct solvent, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl), has been used for the dissolution and regeneration of cellulose. The cellulose samples without any pretreatment were readily dissolved in AMIMCl. The regenerated cellulose materials prepared by coagulation in water exhibited a good mechanical property. Because of its thermostable and nonvolatile nature, AMIMCl was easily recycled. Therefore, a novel and nonpolluting process for the manufacture of regenerated cellulose materials using AMIMCl has been developed in this work.
1,307 citations
TL;DR: Hydrophilic ionic liquids can be salted-out and concentrated from aqueous solution upon addition of kosmotropic salts forming aqueously biphasic systems as illustrated by the phase behavior of mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and K3PO4.
Abstract: Hydrophilic ionic liquids can be salted-out and concentrated from aqueous solution upon addition of kosmotropic salts forming aqueous biphasic systems as illustrated by the phase behavior of mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) and K3PO4.
960 citations