Distinct systems for automatic and cognitively controlled time measurement: evidence from neuroimaging.
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...It has been proposed that the basal ganglia and possibly the SMA may be more important for interval timing at longer timescales (1 second and above), whereas the cerebellum may be more important for controlling motor timing at shorter timescales (millisecond...
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References
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"Distinct systems for automatic and ..." refers background in this paper
...The SMA and the pre-SMA are combined as SMA; the frontal operculum is included in PMC [58], as are the frontal eye fields....
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...If localisations specified by authors are ambiguous (i.e. insula/operculum), they are indicated in both areas. www.current-opinion.com Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2003, 13:1–6 although some regions frequently observed in association with automatic timing (right PMC and bilateral SMA) also activate in these conditions, considerable activity occurs in the left cerebellum and in the prefrontal and parietal cortices, with a bias to the right cortical hemisphere....
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...Looking specifically at the categories emphasising automatic-related task characteristics (Rows [f] [g]) we see very frequent activity in the motor system — the bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA) and the left sensorimotor cortex are most commonly activated; the right cerebellum and lateral premotor area (PMC) are only slightly less frequently activated; the left thalamus and the basal ganglia are also activated....
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...fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging PMC lateral premotor area SMA supplementary motor area...
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2,072 citations
"Distinct systems for automatic and ..." refers background in this paper
...Cognitively controlled timing is likely to draw upon multi-purpose cognitive circuits within the prefrontal and parietal cortices [24]; in particular, activity is expected in areas associated with attention and working memory [3,6,25,26]....
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...the intraparietal sulcus and inferior parietal lobe), all of which processes are believed necessary for cognitively controlled time measurement [3,6,25,26]....
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1,288 citations
"Distinct systems for automatic and ..." refers background in this paper
...The cerebellum may also be involved in motor timing [15,16] and shows particularly appropriate circuitry for the measurement of brief intervals [17–20]....
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1,170 citations
"Distinct systems for automatic and ..." refers background in this paper
...The neuroimaging literature Table 1 summarizes the published neuroimaging literature of primate time measurement [8;10;15;28-53] by listing the areas of brain activity reported in each study....
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...4 rather than a more rigorous control as in [32], but see our bibliographic annotations for exact details....
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...In papers reporting multiple datasets, each set is included as a separate row in the table (see [8;32;47;49-51])....
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823 citations
"Distinct systems for automatic and ..." refers background in this paper
...The neuroimaging literature Table 1 summarizes the published neuroimaging literature of primate time measurement [8;10;15;28-53] by listing the areas of brain activity reported in each study....
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...same regions are active even when more complete cognitive subtractions are used [8;15;48] however, suggests their bona fida involvement in temporal processing....
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