Distributed FACTS - A New Concept for Realizing Grid Power Flow Control
16 Jun 2005-Vol. 22, Iss: 6, pp 2253-2260
TL;DR: In this article, a distributed series impedance (DSI) and a distributed static series compensator (DSSC) are shown that can be clipped on to an existing power line and can, dynamically and statically, change the impedance of the line so as to control power flow.
Abstract: Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices are used to control power flow in the transmission grid to relieve congestion and limit loop flows. High cost and reliability concerns have limited the widespread deployment of FACTS solutions. This paper introduces the concept of distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) as an alternative approach to realizing cost-effective power flow control. By way of example, a distributed series impedance (DSI) and a distributed static series compensator (DSSC) are shown that can be clipped on to an existing power line and can, dynamically and statically, change the impedance of the line so as to control power flow. Details of implementation and system impact are presented in the paper, along with experimental results.
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16 May 2011TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of what PLC can deliver today by surveying its history and describing the most recent technological advances in the area and discuss the main conclusions one can draw from the literature on these subjects.
Abstract: Are Power Line Communications (PLC) a good candidate for Smart Grid applications? The objective of this paper is to address this important question. To do so, we provide an overview of what PLC can deliver today by surveying its history and describing the most recent technological advances in the area. We then address Smart Grid applications as instances of sensor networking and network control problems and discuss the main conclusions one can draw from the literature on these subjects. The application scenario of PLC within the Smart Grid is then analyzed in detail. Because a necessary ingredient of network planning is modeling, we also discuss two aspects of engineering modeling that relate to our question. The first aspect is modeling the PLC channel through fading models. The second aspect we review is the Smart Grid control and traffic modeling problem which allows us to achieve a better understanding of the communications requirements. Finally, this paper reports recent studies on the electrical and topological properties of a sample power distribution network. Power grid topological studies are very important for PLC networking as the power grid is not only the information source but also the information delivery system-a unique feature when PLC is used for the Smart Grid.
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TL;DR: A unique vision for the future of smart transmission grids is presented in which their major features are identified and each smart transmission grid is regarded as an integrated system that functionally consists of three interactive, smart components.
Abstract: A modern power grid needs to become smarter in order to provide an affordable, reliable, and sustainable supply of electricity. For these reasons, considerable activity has been carried out in the United States and Europe to formulate and promote a vision for the development of future smart power grids. However, the majority of these activities emphasized only the distribution grid and demand side leaving the big picture of the transmission grid in the context of smart grids unclear. This paper presents a unique vision for the future of smart transmission grids in which their major features are identified. In this vision, each smart transmission grid is regarded as an integrated system that functionally consists of three interactive, smart components, i.e., smart control centers, smart transmission networks, and smart substations. The features and functions of each of the three functional components, as well as the enabling technologies to achieve these features and functions, are discussed in detail in the paper.
894 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the definition of resilience for the electric grid and review key concepts related to system resilience, and propose a new way of thinking about grid operation with unexpected extreme disturbances and hazards and leveraging distributed energy resources.
Abstract: Modern society relies heavily upon complex and widespread electric grids. In recent years, advanced sensors, intelligent automation, communication networks, and information technologies (IT) have been integrated into the electric grid to enhance its performance and efficiency. Integrating these new technologies has resulted in more interconnections and interdependencies between the physical and cyber components of the grid. Natural disasters and man-made perturbations have begun to threaten grid integrity more often. Urban infrastructure networks are highly reliant on the electric grid and consequently, the vulnerability of infrastructure networks to electric grid outages is becoming a major global concern. In order to minimize the economic, social, and political impacts of large-scale power system outages, the grid must be resilient in addition of being robust and reliable. The concept of a power system’s cyber-physical resilience centers around maintaining critical functionality of the system backbone in the presence of unexpected extreme disturbances. Resilience is a multidimensional property of the electric grid; it requires managing disturbances originating from physical component failures, cyber component malfunctions, and human attacks. In the electric grid community, there is not a clear and universally accepted definition of cyber-physical resilience. This paper focuses on the definition of resilience for the electric grid and reviews key concepts related to system resilience. This paper aims to advance the field not only by adding cyber-physical resilience concepts to power systems vocabulary, but also by proposing a new way of thinking about grid operation with unexpected extreme disturbances and hazards and leveraging distributed energy resources. The concepts of service availability and quality are not new, but many recognize the need of resilience in maintaining essential services to critical loads, for example to allow home refrigerators to operate for food conservation in the aftermath of a hurricane landfall. By providing a comprehensive definition of power system resilience, this paper paves the way for creating appropriate and effective resilience standards and metrics.
227 citations
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TL;DR: By providing a comprehensive definition of power system resilience, this paper paves the way for creating appropriate and effective resilience standards and metrics.
Abstract: In recent years, advanced sensors, intelligent automation, communication networks, and information technologies have been integrated into the electric grid to enhance its performance and efficiency. Integrating these new technologies has resulted in more interconnections and interdependencies between the physical and cyber components of the grid. Natural disasters and man-made perturbations have begun to threaten grid integrity more often. Urban infrastructure networks are highly reliant on the electric grid and consequently, the vulnerability of infrastructure networks to electric grid outages is becoming a major global concern. In order to minimize the economic, social, and political impacts of power system outages, the grid must be resilient. The concept of a power system cyber-physical resilience centers around maintaining system states at a stable level in the presence of disturbances. Resilience is a multidimensional property of the electric grid, it requires managing disturbances originating from physical component failures, cyber component malfunctions, and human attacks. In the electric grid community, there is not a clear and universally accepted definition of cyber-physical resilience. This paper focuses on the definition of resilience for the electric grid and reviews key concepts related to system resilience. This paper aims to advance the field not only by adding cyber-physical resilience concepts to power systems vocabulary, but also by proposing a new way of thinking about grid operation with unexpected disturbances and hazards and leveraging distributed energy resources.
221 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a literature survey of flexible ac transmission systems (FACTSs) and voltage-source converters, with smart dynamic controllers, is presented to improve the power quality and ensure efficient energy utilization and energy management in smart grids with renewable energy sources.
Abstract: In the last two decades, emerging use of renewable and distributed energy sources in electricity grid has created new challenges for the utility regarding the power quality, voltage stabilization and efficient energy utilization. Power electronic converters are extensively utilized to interface the emerging energy systems (without and with energy storage) and smart buildings with the transmission and distribution systems. Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTSs) and voltage-source converters, with smart dynamic controllers, are emerging as a stabilization and power filtering equipment to improve the power quality. Also, distributed FACTSs play an important role in improving the power factor, energy utilization, enhancing the power quality, and ensuring efficient energy utilization and energy management in smart grids with renewable energy sources. This paper presents a literature survey of FACTS technology tools and applications for power quality and efficient renewable energy system utilization.
208 citations
References
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04 Aug 1998
TL;DR: This is the first text in this area to fully integrate MATLAB and SIMULINK throughout and provides students with an author-developed POWER TOOLBOX DISK organized to perform analyses and explore power system design issues with ease.
Abstract: This text is intended for undergraduates studying power system analysis and design. It gives an introduction to fundamental concepts and modern topics with applications to real-world problems. This is the first text in this area to fully integrate MATLAB and SIMULINK throughout. It also provides students with an author-developed POWER TOOLBOX DISK organized to perform analyses and explore power system design issues with ease.
3,358 citations
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01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model for estimating the Impedance of Transmission Lines and the Capacitance of Transformer Lines in the presence of Symmetrical Faults.
Abstract: 1 Basic Concepts 2 Transformers 3 The Synchronous Machine 4 Series Impedance of Transmission Lines 5 Capacitance of Transmission Lines 6 Current and Voltage Relations on a Transmission Line 7 The Admittance Model and Network Calculations 8 The Impedance Model and Network Calculations 9 Power Flow Solutions 10 Symmetrical Faults 11 Symmetrical Components and Sequence Networks 12 Unsymmetrical Faults 13 Economic Operation of Power Systems 14 Zbus Methods in Contingency Analysis 15 State Estimation of Power Systems 16 Power System Stability
2,157 citations
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TL;DR: The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) as mentioned in this paper is designed to overcome the limitations of the present mechanically controlled AC power transmission systems, uses reliable, high-speed power electronic controllers.
Abstract: The operation and components of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) are described. FACTS, designed to overcome the limitations of the present mechanically controlled AC power transmission systems, uses reliable, high-speed power electronic controllers. Its benefits are examined. These include greater control of power, so that it flows on the prescribed transmission routes; secure loading of transmission lines to levels nearer their thermal limits; greater ability to transfer power between controlled areas, so that the generation reserve margin may be reduced; prevention of cascading outages by limiting the effects of faults and equipment failure; and damping of power system oscillations. >
655 citations
"Distributed FACTS - A New Concept f..." refers methods in this paper
...The accepted and technically proven approach for realizing a smart grid, in particular achieving control of active power flow on the grid, has been through the use of Flexible ac Transmission Systems or FACTS [2]–[4]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe an active approach to series line compensation, in which a synchronous voltage source implemented by a gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) based voltage-sourced inverter is used to provide controllable series compensation.
Abstract: This paper describes an active approach to series line compensation, in which a synchronous voltage source, implemented by a gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) based voltage-sourced inverter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator, called static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), can provide controllable compensating voltage over an identical capacitive and inductive range, independently of the magnitude of the line current. It is immune to classical network resonances. In addition to series reactive compensation, with an external DC power supply it can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. The compensation of the real part of the impedance can maintain high X/R ratio even if the line has a very high degree of series compensation. Concurrent and coordinated modulation of reactive and real compensation can greatly increase power oscillation damping. The paper discusses the basic operating and performance characteristics of the SSSC, and compares them to those characterizing the more conventional compensators based on thyristor-switched or controlled series capacitors. It also presents some of the results of TNA simulations carried out with an SSSC hardware model.
589 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of distributed static series compensator (DSSC) is introduced as a way to remove the barriers of high costs and reliability concerns in the use of flexible AC transmission systems.
Abstract: Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices can control power flow in the transmission system to improve asset utilization, relieve congestion, and limit loop flows. High costs and reliability concerns have restricted their use in these applications. The concept of distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) is introduced as a way to remove these barriers. A new device, the distributed static series compensator (DSSC), attaches directly to existing HV or EHV conductors and so does not require HV insulation. It can be manufactured at low cost from conventional industrial-grade components. The DSSC modules are distributed, a few per conductor mile, to achieve the desired power flow control functionality by effectively changing the line reactance. Experimental results from a prototype module are presented, along with examples of the benefits deriving from a system of DSSC devices
206 citations