Distributed Quantum Fiber Magnetometry
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermally drawn fiber that has hundreds of embedded photodiodes connected in parallel and a hollow optical waveguide that contains a fluid with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) diamonds is placed in a larger coaxial cable to deliver the required RF excitation.
Abstract: Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum magnetometers offer exceptional sensitivity and long-term stability. However, their use to date in distributed sensing applications, including remote detection of ferrous metals, geophysics, and biosensing, has been limited due to the need to combine optical, RF, and magnetic excitations into a single system. Existing approaches have yielded localized devices but not distributed capabilities. In this study, we report on a continuous system-in-a-fiber architecture that enables distributed magnetic sensing over extended lengths. Key to this realization is a thermally drawn fiber that has hundreds of embedded photodiodes connected in parallel and a hollow optical waveguide that contains a fluid with NV diamonds. This fiber is placed in a larger coaxial cable to deliver the required RF excitation. We realize this distributed quantum sensor in a water-immersible 90-meter-long cable with 102 detection sites. A sensitivity of 63 nT Hz-1/2 per site, limited by laser shot noise, was established along a 90 m test section. This fiber architecture opens new possibilities as a robust and scalable platform for distributed quantum sensing technologies.
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TL;DR: This introductory review focuses on modern magnetic field sensors suitable for biomedicine applications from a physical point of view and provides an overview of recent studies in this field.
Abstract: The development of magnetic field sensors for biomedical applications primarily focuses on equivalent magnetic noise reduction or overall design improvement in order to make them smaller and cheaper while keeping the required values of a limit of detection. One of the cutting-edge topics today is the use of magnetic field sensors for applications such as magnetocardiography, magnetotomography, magnetomyography, magnetoneurography, or their application in point-of-care devices. This introductory review focuses on modern magnetic field sensors suitable for biomedicine applications from a physical point of view and provides an overview of recent studies in this field. Types of magnetic field sensors include direct current superconducting quantum interference devices, search coil, fluxgate, magnetoelectric, giant magneto-impedance, anisotropic/giant/tunneling magnetoresistance, optically pumped, cavity optomechanical, Hall effect, magnetoelastic, spin wave interferometry, and those based on the behavior of nitrogen-vacancy centers in the atomic lattice of diamond.
103 citations
01 Apr 2021
TL;DR: In this article, a fiber-based nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometer with a sensitivity of 344 pT/SqrtHz has been demonstrated for magnetic field measurements at room temperature.
Abstract: Magnetic field sensors that exploit quantum effects have shown that they can outperform classical sensors in terms of sensitivity enabling a range of novel applications in future, such as a brain machine interface Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as a promising high sensitivity platform for measuring magnetic fields at room temperature Transferring this technology from laboratory setups into products and applications, the total size of the sensor, the overall power consumption, and the costs need to be reduced and optimized Here, we demonstrate a fiber-based NV magnetometer featuring a complete integration of all functional components without using any bulky laboratory equipment This integrated prototype allows portable measurement of magnetic fields with a sensitivity of 344 pT/ SqrtHz
43 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal drawing process is introduced to produce FTENGs that are compatible with industrial looms, and the diameter of the polymer-cladding and metal-core fiber has been reduced to ~350μm.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a fiber-coupled diamond magnetometer with a sensitivity of (310 pT$/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ in the frequency range of 10-150 Hz was presented.
Abstract: Sensing small magnetic fields is relevant for many applications ranging from geology to medical diagnosis. We present a fiber-coupled diamond magnetometer with a sensitivity of (310 $\pm$ 20) pT$/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ in the frequency range of 10-150 Hz. This is based on optically detected magnetic resonance of an ensemble of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond at room temperature. Fiber coupling means the sensor can be conveniently brought within 2 mm of the object under study.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a fiber-coupled NVC magnetometer with an unshielded sensitivity of 1.5 GHz at room temperature was presented, where the sensor can be conveniently brought within 2 mm of the object under study.
Abstract: Nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVCs) in diamond are being explored for future quantum technologies, and in particular ensembles of NVC are the basis for sensitive magnetometers. We present a fiber-coupled NVC magnetometer with an unshielded sensitivity of $(310\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ in the frequency range of 10--150 Hz at room temperature. This takes advantage of low-strain ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ diamond, lenses for fiber coupling and optimization of microwave modulation frequency, modulation amplitude, and power. Fiber coupling means the sensor can be conveniently brought within 2 mm of the object under study.
25 citations
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...environment provided a sensitivity of 63 nT/ √ Hz per sensor and a spatial resolution of 17 cm [25]....
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References
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TL;DR: An approach to nanoscale magnetic sensing is experimentally demonstrated, using coherent manipulation of an individual electronic spin qubit associated with a nitrogen-vacancy impurity in diamond at room temperature to achieve detection of 3 nT magnetic fields at kilohertz frequencies after 100 s of averaging.
Abstract: Detection of weak magnetic fields with nanoscale spatial resolution is an outstanding problem in the biological and physical sciences. For example, at a distance of 10 nm, the spin of a single electron produces a magnetic field of about 1 muT, and the corresponding field from a single proton is a few nanoteslas. A sensor able to detect such magnetic fields with nanometre spatial resolution would enable powerful applications, ranging from the detection of magnetic resonance signals from individual electron or nuclear spins in complex biological molecules to readout of classical or quantum bits of information encoded in an electron or nuclear spin memory. Here we experimentally demonstrate an approach to such nanoscale magnetic sensing, using coherent manipulation of an individual electronic spin qubit associated with a nitrogen-vacancy impurity in diamond at room temperature. Using an ultra-pure diamond sample, we achieve detection of 3 nT magnetic fields at kilohertz frequencies after 100 s of averaging. In addition, we demonstrate a sensitivity of 0.5 muT Hz(-1/2) for a diamond nanocrystal with a diameter of 30 nm.
1,817 citations
TL;DR: Here, it is demonstrated the synthesis and application of ultrapure isotopically controlled single-crystal chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond with a remarkably low concentration of paramagnetic impurities, and single electron spins show the longest room-temperature spin dephasing times ever observed in solid-state systems.
Abstract: As quantum mechanics ventures into the world of applications and engineering, materials science faces the necessity to design matter to quantum grade purity. For such materials, quantum effects define their physical behaviour and open completely new (quantum) perspectives for applications. Carbon-based materials are particularly good examples, highlighted by the fascinating quantum properties of, for example, nanotubes or graphene. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis and application of ultrapure isotopically controlled single-crystal chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond with a remarkably low concentration of paramagnetic impurities. The content of nuclear spins associated with the (13)C isotope was depleted to 0.3% and the concentration of other paramagnetic defects was measured to be <10(13) cm(-3). Being placed in such a spin-free lattice, single electron spins show the longest room-temperature spin dephasing times ever observed in solid-state systems (T2=1.8 ms). This benchmark will potentially allow observation of coherent coupling between spins separated by a few tens of nanometres, making it a versatile material for room-temperature quantum information processing devices. We also show that single electron spins in the same isotopically engineered CVD diamond can be used to detect external magnetic fields with a sensitivity reaching 4 nT Hz(-1/2) and subnanometre spatial resolution.
1,751 citations
TL;DR: The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centre in diamond is an important physical system for emergent quantum technologies, including quantum metrology, information processing and communications, as well as for various nanotechnologies such as biological and sub-diffraction limit imaging, and for tests of entanglement in quantum mechanics as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centre in diamond is an important physical system for emergent quantum technologies, including quantum metrology, information processing and communications, as well as for various nanotechnologies, such as biological and sub-diffraction limit imaging, and for tests of entanglement in quantum mechanics. Given this array of existing and potential applications and the almost 50 years of NV research, one would expect that the physics of the centre is well understood, however, the study of the NV centre has proved challenging, with many early assertions now believed false and many remaining issues yet to be resolved. This review represents the first time that the key empirical and ab initio results have been extracted from the extensive NV literature and assembled into one consistent picture of the current understanding of the centre. As a result, the key unresolved issues concerning the NV centre are identified and the possible avenues for their resolution are examined.
1,642 citations
TL;DR: The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centre in diamond is an important physical system for emergent quantum technologies, including quantum metrology, information processing and communications, as well as for various nanotechnologies such as biological and sub-diffraction limit imaging, and for tests of entanglement in quantum mechanics as mentioned in this paper.
1,625 citations
TL;DR: Among the various fiber-optic sensor technologies, especially, technologies such as fiber grating sensors, fiber- Optic gyroscopes, and fiber-Optic current sensors are discussed with emphasis on the principles and current status.
1,610 citations