Distribution of α2 agonist binding sites in the rat and human central nervous system: Analysis of some functional, anatomic correlates of the pharmacologic effects of clonidine and related adrenergic agents
TL;DR: These functional, anatomical and neurochemical correlates of the alpha 2 binding site distribution establish a neurological basis for the complex pharmacological effects of centrally acting alpha 2 agonists.
About: This article is published in Brain Research Reviews.The article was published on 1984-03-01. It has received 711 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Dorsal motor nucleus & Stria terminalis.
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TL;DR: In this article, the responses to increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans were determined, and 10 healthy men (20-27 yr) provided informed consent and were monitored (underwent electrocardiography, measured arterial, central venous [CVP] and pulmonary artery [PAP] pressures,
Abstract: BackgroundThis study determined the responses to increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans.MethodsTen healthy men (20–27 yr) provided informed consent and were monitored (underwent electrocardiography, measured arterial, central venous [CVP] and pulmonary artery [PAP] pressures,
1,219 citations
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TL;DR: The locus coeruleus is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis, resulting in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain.
Abstract: The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have resulted in the unravelling of the neuronal circuits controlling a number of physiological functions in which the LC plays a central role. Two such functions are the regulation of arousal and autonomic activity, which are inseparably linked largely via the involvement of the LC. The LC is a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus, resulting from dense excitatory projections to the majority of the cerebral cortex, cholinergic neurones of the basal forebrain, cortically-projecting neurones of the thalamus, serotoninergic neurones of the dorsal raphe and cholinergic neurones of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and substantial inhibitory projections to sleep-promoting GABAergic neurones of the basal forebrain and ventrolateral preoptic area. Activation of the LC thus results in the enhancement of alertness through the innervation of these varied nuclei. The importance of the LC in controlling autonomic function results from both direct projections to the spinal cord and projections to autonomic nuclei including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus ambiguus, the rostroventrolateral medulla, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the caudal raphe, the salivatory nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, and the amygdala. LC activation produces an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity via these projections. Alterations in LC activity therefore result in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain, observed as changes in measures of arousal and autonomic function.
610 citations
Cites background or methods from "Distribution of α2 agonist binding ..."
...However, 2-adrenoceptors have also been identified within the CR [127, 300, 370], suggesting that a subset of CR neurones may be inhibited by the LC projection....
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...The LC extensively projects to widespread areas of the brain and spinal cord and it was believed for many years that the outputs of this nucleus formed a diffuse and non-selective contribution to the generalised neural activation underlying themaintenance of arousal [115, 248, 268, 365, 370]....
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...The LC extensively innervates the cerebral cortex of all hemispheric lobes [115, 161, 164, 298, 321, 370] and is the sole source of cortical noradrenaline [32, 261]....
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...The LC projects to the DMV [261, 359, 388] and 2-adrenoceptors have been detected on DMV neurones [275, 299, 300, 370]....
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...There may also be a direct inhibitory influence on the parasympathetic neurones of the IML, since 2adrenoceptors are present within the lumbosacral parasympathetic segments [336, 370, 397]....
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TL;DR: A background description of motoneurons: their development, anatomical organization, and membrane properties, both passive and active, and a description of the major transmitter systems that affect mot oneuronal excitability, focusing on synaptic and cellular properties.
Abstract: Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the principal extrinsic action of the brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action potentials ge...
594 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analyses of the determinants of earthquake-triggered landsliding in the Czech Republic over a period of 18 months in order to establish a probabilistic framework for estimating the intensity of the earthquake.
Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. References. List of Structures. Index of Abbreviations. Diagrams.
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01 Jan 1986
4,055 citations
TL;DR: The ascending monoamine pathways in the rat brain are demonstrated by the pile up of fluorescent material occurring in the axons after various types of lesions, indicating a unique role for the locus coeruleus in influencing the activity of the entire brain.
Abstract: The ascending monoamine pathways in the rat brain are demonstrated by the pile up of fluorescent material occurring in the axons after various types of lesions. The anatomy of the pathways is outlined in drawings of frontal sections of the brain and the origin and termination of several pathways is determined by studying the anterograde and retrograde degeneration occurring after well localised lesions. It is possible to separate the ascending NA pathways into a dorsal and a ventral bundle of axons. The dorsal bundle innervates the cortex and the hippocampus and the ventral bundle supplies NA nerve terminals to the medulla, the pons, the mesencephalon and the diencephalon. The dorsal bundle is found to originate in the locus coeruleus. Lesions of this nucleus abolish the nerve terminals in all cortical areas and in several other areas of the brain indicating a unique role for the locus coeruleus in influencing the activity of the entire brain. The 5-HT pathways have a distribution similar to the ventral NA pathyway. The course of the nigro-striatal and the meso-limbic DA pathways is presented in detail.
3,758 citations
TL;DR: It has been proposed that the nucleus accumbens is a key component of this neural interface since it receives inputs from limbic forebrain structures, either directly or indirectly via the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, and sends signals to the motor system via the globus pallidus.
2,280 citations