Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems
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7,155 citations
3,300 citations
Cites background or methods from "Divergent Capitalisms: The Social S..."
...…whereas in the former it is more indirect and long term—admittedly a subject of continuing debate in the NBS literature (e.g., Quack, Morgan, & Whitley, 1999) One source of coercive isomorphisms in Europe is the EU itself, through deregulation of business and the liberalization of markets…...
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...These institutional factors have informed the U.S. and European NBSs, specifically in terms of the nature of the firm, the organization of market processes, and coordination and control systems (Whitley, 1999)....
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...…historical institutional frameworks inform differences in NBSs and how these contribute to our framework for understanding comparative CSR. Whitley (1999) has identified four key features of historically grown national institutional frameworks: the political system, the financial system,…...
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...Hence, we adopt the national business system (NBS) or societal effect approach (Maurice & Sorge, 2000; Maurice, Sorge, & Warner, 1980; Sorge, 1991; Whitley, 1992, 1999, 2002a,b), which shares key features with the varieties of capitalism approaches that distinguish liberal market economies and…...
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...and European NBSs, specifically in terms of the nature of the firm, the organization of market processes, and coordination and control systems (Whitley, 1999)....
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3,015 citations
2,676 citations
Cites background from "Divergent Capitalisms: The Social S..."
...…at the regional, sectoral, or national level (Piore and Sabel 1984; Dore 1986; Streeck and Schmitter 1986; Dosi et al. 1988; Boyer 1990; Lazonick 1991; Campbell et al. 1991; Nelson 1993; Hollingsworth et al. 1994; Herrigel 1996; Hollingsworth and Boyer 1997; Edquist 1997; Whitley 1999)....
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...Other valuable efforts to identify varieties of capitalism that have influenced us include Hollingsworth and Boyer (1997), Crouch and Streeck (1997b), and Whitley (1999). dominate the analysis of comparative capitalism....
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1,827 citations
Cites background from "Divergent Capitalisms: The Social S..."
...Agency theorists treat employment relations as exogenously determined by labor markets, despite the employee voice within corporate boards of many European firms.3 Similarly, interfirm ownership may create networks that condition business competition, cooperation, and innovation (Whitley, 1999)....
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...…and weaker when countries occupy intermediate positions; furthermore, we have discussed how the impact of any of the particular institutional domains on a stakeholder group may be reinforced by the existence of other institutions or may be modified in a countervailing fashion (Whitley, 1999)....
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...Conversely, managers may prefer growth to profits (empire building may bring prestige or higher salaries), may be lazy or fraudulent (“shirk”), and may maintain costly labor or product standards above the necessary competitive minimum....
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...Institutions may also create opportunities for specialization around diverse economic “logics” and thereby yield comparative institutional advantages for different business systems (Whitley, 1999) or varieties of capitalism (Hall & Soskice, 2001)....
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