Journal Article•
Domestic violence against women attending gynecologic outpatient clinics.
TL;DR: Low level of education in women, nongovernmental job, previous custody, psychiatric disorders of men, and coercive marriage for women were associated with an increased risk of domestic violence.
Abstract: Background: Violence against women and threat of violence are some of the main barriers to women’s empowerment and equal participation in the society. However, they often go unnoticed and undocumented and therefore unresolved. For women, one of every five years of healthy life lost because of injury, disease, or premature death is attributable to violence. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of domestic violence in women attending three obstetric and gynecologic clinics in Tehran, and to determine the association between domestic violence and demographic factors. Methods: One thousand women, 15 – 64 years old, attending three obstetric and gynecologic clinics affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey with self-administered questionnaire. The association between demographic factors (age, level of education, religious believes, annual income, job, husband’s employment status, drug and alcohol abuse, previous custody of husbands) and domestic violence was assessed by questionnaire. Results: Five hundred and ninety out of the 1000 women had experienced at least one form of violence (physical, mental, not sexual) from their husbands, 196 women had experienced some forms of controlling behavior and mental violence, and 361 women had been physically threatened. Low level of education in women, nongovernmental job, previous custody, psychiatric disorders of men, and coercive marriage for women were associated with an increased risk of domestic violence. Conclusion: With the high prevalence of domestic violence, health workers should not ignore the seriousness of domestic violence. Health and social personnel should be appropriately trained before “asking all cases” becomes a policy within health and social services.
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TL;DR: This paper contributes to clarifying the definition, epidemiology, risk factors and consequences of domestic violence against women as well as the psychopathological profile of victims with a focus on Central European countries.
Abstract: Domestic violence is considered one of the most common forms of gender-related violence, and various studies estimate that between 10 and 35% of women experience domestic violence at some point in their lives. Nevertheless, it is a frequently neglected problem in crisis intervention centres, emergency wards, and obstetrics and gynaecological emergency rooms. This paper contributes to clarifying the definition, epidemiology, risk factors and consequences of domestic violence against women as well as the psychopathological profile of victims with a focus on Central European countries. Although different studies on domestic violence report different risk factors, such as younger age, being unmarried, lower education, violence experienced during childhood and alcohol/drug abuse of the partner or the victim herself, the results show no overall consistency. There seems to be neither a definite risk profile nor a specific association with a psychopathological profile. Women who have been victimised find it hard to share their experiences and seek help. It is often difficult for medical personnel who encounter these women to recognise violence and discuss this problem with them, just as it is difficult to offer adequate help. Medical personnel should be alerted to this subject and prepare guidelines for the further management and treatment of abused women. Infor-mation and support for medical staff can help to identify domestic violence, and encourage communication about this problem, thereby leading to a better and more efficient use of available services and resources.
142 citations
TL;DR: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for domestic violence against women with female factor infertility in an Iranian setting, a large number of cases were reported to be related to domestic violence.
94 citations
Cites background from "Domestic violence against women att..."
...[18] conducted a study in Tehran with 1000 married women aged from 15 through 64 years who were seen at 3 outpatient gynecology clinics, and reported that 590 had experienced psychological and physical violence from their husbands....
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TL;DR: The study suggests that major strategies for prevention of IPV are empowering women and improving their status in the society by promoting of sexual equality in all rights, especially in employment and education.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to screen for and estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Kazeroon, Iran. In November 2007, multistage cluster sampling was employed to recruit 702 women to participate in the study. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed. The prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse against women was 43.7%, 82.6%, and 30.9%, respectively, and there was a significant relationship between IPV and family income, education level, and level of religious commitment in both women and husbands. The study suggests that major strategies for prevention of IPV are empowering women and improving their status in the society by promoting of sexual equality in all rights, especially in employment and education. Language: en
62 citations
TL;DR: The authors' findings reveal that hyperregulation is associated with higher suicide rates in Iran, at least for women, with rates expected to be higher in areas with greater social regulation of the lives of women and stronger traditional tribal cultures.
Abstract: Durkheim's theory of fatalistic suicide, or suicide resulting from overregulation of behavior, has been neglected empirically. The authors test this hypothesis in Iran by examining the geographic distribution of female suicide. Employing the province as the unit of analysis, they examine the association between female suicide rates and multiple measures of social control of women, with rates expected to be higher in areas with greater social regulation of the lives of women and stronger traditional tribal cultures. Results show that provinces with lower levels of female education, female labor force participation, and urbanization have higher female suicide rates. Thus, whereas social deregulation is often associated with higher suicide rates in the West, the authors' findings reveal that hyperregulation is associated with higher suicide rates in Iran, at least for women.
57 citations
Cites background from "Domestic violence against women att..."
...This fatalism may be reinforced by the burdens of bearing and raising a large number of children and the domestic violence that many women face (Ahmadi, 2007; Nojomi et al., 2007; Poureslami, MacLean, Spiegel, & Yassi, 2004)....
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TL;DR: Some socioeconomic characteristics such as educational level, occupational status of men, heavy smoking and drug abusing are associated with the occurrence of violence against one’s intimate partner.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence against women is one of the worst consequences of cultural, political, and socio-economic inequalities between men and women. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has been identified as an important cause of morbidity from multiple mental, physical, sexual, and reproductive health outcomes. Nonetheless, the prevalence and related factors of this international problem have not been investigated extensively in some parts of the world. The aims of this research were to determine the prevalence of physical and mental violence perpetrated by men against their intimate partners and to assess the associated factors of partner violence among women in Shahroud in northeastern region of Iran in 2010. METHODS: This Cross-Sectional study was conducted in Shahroud, in northeast of Iran in 2010. Cluster sampling was done from primary health service institutions, universities, public schools and governmental organizations throughout the city and six hundred married women completed the study. A structured questionnaire with 34 items was designed in three parts to assess the physically (10 items) and mentally (15 items) violent acts by a current intimate male partner and identify collative behaviors (9 items) of victims. The Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the net effect of background variables on the IPV occurrence within the past year. RESULTS: About 20% of the participants experienced at least one type of physical violence. Increased risk of physical violence was positively associated with the younger age of the couple (OR=3.08, PCONCLUSIONS: Some socioeconomic characteristics such as educational level, occupational status of men, heavy smoking and drug abusing are associated with the occurrence of violence against one's intimate partner. Since IPV is usually unreported, healthcare providers should be aware of the risk factors associated with domestic violence to be able to design preventive measures against its negative health outcomes in women. Language: en
50 citations
Cites result from "Domestic violence against women att..."
...This finding is similar to those of other studies, which have found drug abuse to be a major cause of IPV (Hashemi et al., 2011; Taillieu & Brownridge, 2010; Ellsberg et al., 2008; Nojomi et al., 2007)....
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References
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TL;DR: It seems that characteristics associated with either the husband-offender or the couple have greater utility for assessing the risk of husband to wife violence than characteristics of the wife-victim.
Abstract: The present review involves the evaluation of 97 potential risk markers of husband to wife violence. Using 52 case-comparison studies as the source of data, markers were divided into four categories: consistent risk, inconsistent risk, consistent nonrisk, and risk markers with insufficient data. Based on this classification, it appears that a number of widely held hypotheses about husband to wife violence have little empirical support. Only witnessing violence in the wife's family of origin was consistently associated with being victimized by violence. Furthermore, it seems that characteristics associated with either the husband-offender or the couple have greater utility for assessing the risk of husband to wife violence than characteristics of the wife-victim. Findings are discussed in terms of the methodological and theoretical implications of current research on this form of adult domestic violence.
971 citations
TL;DR: The prevalence of domestic violence among female patients presenting to four community-based, primary care, adult medicine practices that serve patients of diverse socioeconomic background was determined and demographic and clinical differences between currently abused patients and patients not currently being abused were identified.
Abstract: Objectives: To determine the prevalence of domestic violence among female patients and to identify clinical characteristics that are associated with current domestic violence. Design: Cross-section...
747 citations
TL;DR: Violence may be a more common problem for pregnant women than some conditions for which they are routinely screened and evaluated and future research that more accurately measures physical violence during pregnancy would contribute to more effective design and implementation of prevention and intervention strategies.
Abstract: Objectives. —To summarize the methods and findings of studies examining the prevalence of violence against pregnant women and to synthesize these findings by comparing study characteristics for studies with similar and dissimilar results. Data Sources. —MEDLINE, POPLINE, Psychological Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts databases were searched for all articles pertaining to violence during pregnancy for the period 1963 through August 1995. Study Selection. —Thirteen studies were selected on the basis of specific criteria: a sample with initially unknown violence status; a clear statement of research question(s), with focus on measuring the prevalence of violence; descriptions of the sample, data source, and data collection methods; and data from the United States or another developed country. Data Extraction. —Relevant data were extracted to compare studies by study description, methods, and results. Data Synthesis. —Evidence from the studies we reviewed indicates that the prevalence of violence during pregnancy ranges from 0.9% to 20.1%. Measures of violence, populations sampled, and study methods varied considerably across studies, and these factors may affect prevalence estimates. Studies that asked about violence more than once during detailed in-person interviews or asked later in pregnancy (during the third trimester) reported higher prevalence rates (7.4%20.1%). The lowest estimate was reported by women who attended a private clinic and responded to a self-administered questionnaire provided to them by a person who was not a health care provider. Conclusions. —Violence may be a more common problem for pregnant women than some conditions for which they are routinely screened and evaluated. Future research that more accurately measures physical violence during pregnancy would contribute to more effective design and implementation of prevention and intervention strategies. ( JAMA . 1996;275:1915-1920)
745 citations
TL;DR: Repetition and severity of childhood abuse were independently associated with specific types of adult revictimisation, and Identification of women who have undergone childhood abuse is a prerequisite for prevention of further abuse.
451 citations
TL;DR: Women at greatest risk for injury from domestic violence include those with male partners who abuse alcohol or use drugs, are unemployed or intermittently employed, have less than a high-school-graduate's education, and are former husbands, estranged husbands, or former boyfriends of the women.
Abstract: Background Domestic violence is the most common cause of nonfatal injury to women in the United States. To identify risk factors for such injuries, we examined the socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of women who were victims of domestic violence and the men who injured them. Methods We conducted a case–control study at eight large, university-affiliated emergency departments. The 256 intentionally injured women had acute injuries resulting from a physical assault by a male partner. The 659 controls were women treated for other conditions in the emergency department. Information was collected with a standardized questionnaire; no information was obtained directly from the male partners. Results The 256 intentionally injured women had a total of 434 contusions and abrasions, 89 lacerations, and 41 fractures and dislocations. In a multivariate analysis, the characteristics of the partners that were most closely associated with an increased risk of inflicting injury as a result of domestic violence ...
444 citations