Dopamine-containing cells in sympathetic ganglia.
TL;DR: Dopamine was found in a special type of small, intensely fluorescent cells (“SIF-cells”) located among the adrenergic ganglion cell bodies, most of the dopamine present in the sympathetic ganglia is probably stored in these cells.
Abstract: In addition to noradrenaline (about 1.3–1.5 μg/g) dopamine (about 0.2 μ/g) is present in the sympathetic chains of the cat and pig. By means of a recently developed microspectro-fluorimetric method, the cellular localization of these two catecholamines has been studied. Dopamine was found in a special type of small, intensely fluorescent cells (“SIF-cells”) located among the adrenergic ganglion cell bodies. Most of the dopamine present in the sympathetic ganglia is probably stored in these cells.
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TL;DR: While the majority of the monoamine-containing neurons in the transplants died within the first month after transplantation, a significant number of neurons survived for at least half a year in the brain.
484 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the physiological effects of dopamine in the ganglion, and possibly elsewhere in the nervous system, may be mediated by stimulating the synthesis of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate.
Abstract: An adenyl cyclase activated by low concentrations of dopamine has been found in the mammalian superior cervical sympathetic ganglion The existence of this enzyme may account for the increased amount of adenosine 3',5' monophosphate associated with synaptic activity in the ganglion The results suggest that the physiological effects of dopamine in the ganglion, and possibly elsewhere in the nervous system, may be mediated by stimulating the synthesis of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
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TL;DR: The perikarya of noradrenergic neurons could be distinguished from dopaminergic neurons by the immunohistochemical demonstration of the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase only in the former.
Abstract: The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was immunohistochemically localized by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method in rat to chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, large neurons and small darkly staining cells of the superior cervical ganglia and noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in brain. As compared with the conjugated peroxidase or immunofluorescence techniques, the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method gave the most selective and specific cytoplasmic localization of TH antisera in every tissue examined. The peroxidase staining with the TH antisera was more intense in dopaminergic than in noradrenergic neurons of the central nervous system. While TH was visualized in cell bodies of both dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons, it could only be detected in axons and terminals in the dopaminergic system. The perikarya of noradrenergic neurons could be distinguished from dopaminergic neurons by the immunohistochemical demonstration of the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase only in the former.
257 citations
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...These cells, which may correspond to the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells (1, 5) were located primarily along the edge of the ganglia and were frequently associated with blood vessels....
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TL;DR: The distribution of DARPP-32 was generally consistent with the interpretation that it is localized primarily to dopaminoceptive cells that possess dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase (D-1 dopamine receptors coupled to adenYLatecyclase) within the rat CNS.
Abstract: Rabbit antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies have been prepared to bovine DARPP-32 (dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr = 32,000), and used to study its regional, tissue, and phylogenetic distributions. The antibodies, none of which distinguished between dephospho-DARPP-32 and phospho-DARPP-32, were characterized and used to develop a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for DARPP-32. The radioimmunoassay, in conjunction with immunolabeling of SDS/PAGE transfers and immunoprecipitation of phosphorylated tissue extracts, was used to measure immunoreactive DARPP-32 in microdissected regions of rat CNS, in peripheral nervous and non-nervous tissues, and in CNS tissue from various animal species. The distribution of DARPP-32 was generally consistent with the interpretation that it is localized primarily to dopaminoceptive cells that possess dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase (D-1 dopamine receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase). Within the rat CNS, DARPP-32 was most highly concentrated in the basal ganglia. DARPP-32 was present in neostriatum from all six mammalian species tested (mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cow, and rhesus monkey) at concentrations of from 96 to 144 pmol/mg total protein, which constituted from 0.22 to 0.32% of the total protein. DARPP-32 was also identified at low levels in several peripheral tissues, including choroid plexus, parathyroid cells, adrenal chromaffin cells, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland, and superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. A phylogenetic survey was carried out of proteins immunologically related to DARPP-32 in nervous tissue from nonmammalian species. DARPP-32-like proteins were identified in dopaminoceptive brain regions from representative members of the amniote vertebrate classes (birds and reptiles), while none was identified in dopaminoceptive brain regions from representative members of the anamniote vertebrate classes (bony fishes and amphibians) or in nervous tissue from representative members of several invertebrate classes.
234 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the reaction between formaldehyde and phenylalanine and phenylethylamine derivatives has been studied under mild conditions and it has been shown that the amines primarily condense with formaldehyde to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines which are involved in a secondary reaction to become highly fluorescent and at the same time insoluble.
Abstract: The reaction under mild conditions between formaldehyde and phenylalanine and phenylethylamine derivatives has been studied. When the amines included in a dried protein film were exposed to formaldehyde vapour a very intense green to yellow fluorescence was give only by those that as well as being primary amines also have hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 4 positions (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, noradrenaline). The 3-OH group seems to be esssential for the reaction. The catechol amines, which are secondary amines (adrenaline, epinine), gave a much weaker fluorescence that developed more slowly.The results obtained on further examination of the reaction favour the view that the amines primarily condense with formaldehyde to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines which are involved in a secondary reaction to become highly fluorescent and at the same time insoluble. This secondary reaction may be a binding to protein, and oxidation with the formation of double bonds in the heterocyclic ring, or both.
2,583 citations
01 Jan 1965
TL;DR: A methodological description gives detailed instructions for the preparation, freeze-drying, histochemical treatment, and sectioning of tissues for fluorescence microscopy of catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine and their immediate precursors.
Abstract: : A methodological description gives detailed instructions for the preparation, freeze-drying, histochemical treatment, and sectioning of tissues for fluorescence microscopy of catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine and their immediate precursors. (Author)
936 citations
TL;DR: By the introduction of several modifications of the trihydroxyindole method for the determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline appreciable improvement of the sensitivity has been obtained.
Abstract: Haggendal, J. An improved method for fluorimetric determination of small amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma and tissues. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 242–254. — By the introduction of several modifications of the trihydroxyindole method for the determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline appreciable improvement of the sensitivity has been obtained. The blank values have been considerably reduced and stabilized by substituting dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in sodium sulfite solution for ascorbic acid. The eluate volume has been reduced and the degree of purification has been increased by a modified ion-exchange procedure (Dowex 50 W-X8). Deproteinization of plasma before the column procedure could be omitted. When this procedure was applied to 10 ml plasma obtained from normal persons at rest, noradrenaline spectra, with two activation peaks, were usually obtained. The average concentration of the noradrenaline was 0.3 ± 0.11 μg per litre of plasma. Normally no adrenaline was found. Noradrenaline occurred in plasma in both free and conjugated form.
519 citations
TL;DR: When primary or secondary catecholamines are treated with formaldehyde gas in a dried protein layer, strong fluorescence appears which is used for histochemical identification of these amines in central and peripheral adrenergic nerves.
Abstract: When primary or secondary catecholamines are treated with formaldehyde gas in a dried protein layer a strong fluorescence appears which is used for histochemical identification of these amines in central and peripheral adrenergic nerves.
211 citations
TL;DR: Fluorophores induced from noradrenaline and dopamine in tissue sections by treatment with formaldehyde can be separated by their different behavior upon HCl treatment by using a microspectrofluorometer.
Abstract: Fluorophores induced from noradrenaline and dopamine in tissue sections by treatment with formaldehyde can be separated by their different behavior upon HCl treatment. The noradrenaline fluorophore converts to a fully aromatic isoquinoline while the dopamine fluorophore remains in the form of a nonquinoidal dihydroisoquinoline. The two fluorophores have readly distinguishable excitation spectra. The procedure has been tested both in model systems and in tissue sections. The microspectrofluorometer used is described.
203 citations