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Journal ArticleDOI

Dormancy in temperate fruit trees in a global warming context: A review

14 Sep 2011-Scientia Horticulturae (Elsevier)-Vol. 130, Iss: 2, pp 357-372
TL;DR: A complete picture of dormancy is shown, using results from the early, pioneering work to the molecular basis, also emphasising dormancy modelling and measurement and their implication in temperate fruit production.
About: This article is published in Scientia Horticulturae.The article was published on 2011-09-14. It has received 336 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Dormancy.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data demonstrate that Cd perturbs the DNA methylation status through the involvement of a specific methyltransferase, linked to nuclear chromatin reconfiguration likely to establish a new balance of expressed/repressed chromatin.
Abstract: In mammals, cadmium is widely considered as a non-genotoxic carcinogen acting through a methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Here, the effects of Cd treatment on the DNA methylation patten are examined together with its effect on chromatin reconfiguration in Posidonia oceanica. DNA methylation level and pattern were analysed in actively growing organs, under short- (6 h) and long- (2 d or 4 d) term and low (10 mM) and high (50 mM) doses of Cd, through a Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism technique and an immunocytological approach, respectively. The expression of one member of the CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) family, a DNA methyltransferase, was also assessed by qRT-PCR. Nuclear chromatin ultrastructure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Cd treatment induced a DNA hypermethylation, as well as an up-regulation of CMT, indicating that de novo methylation did indeed occur. Moreover, a high dose of Cd led to a progressive heterochromatinization of interphase nuclei and apoptotic figures were also observed after long-term treatment. The data demonstrate that Cd perturbs the DNA methylation status through the involvement of a specific methyltransferase. Such changes are linked to nuclear chromatin reconfiguration likely to establish a new balance of expressed/repressed chromatin. Overall, the data show an epigenetic basis to the mechanism underlying Cd toxicity in plants.

450 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results reveal that increased winter temperatures might impact forest ecosystems more than formerly assumed and indicate that temperature requirements and successional strategy are linked, with climax species having higher chilling and forcing requirements than pioneer species.
Abstract: It is well known that increased spring temperatures cause earlier onset dates of leaf unfolding and flowering. However, a temperature increase in winter may be associated with delayed development when species' chilling requirements are not fulfilled. Furthermore, photosensitivity is supposed to interfere with temperature triggers. To date, neither the relative importance nor possible interactions of these three factors have been elucidated. In this study, we present a multispecies climate chamber experiment to test the effects of chilling and photoperiod on the spring phenology of 36 woody species. Several hypotheses regarding their variation with species traits (successional strategy, floristic status, climate of their native range) were tested. Long photoperiods advanced budburst for one-third of the studied species, but magnitudes of these effects were generally minor. In contrast to prior hypotheses, photosensitive responses were not restricted to climax or oceanic species. Increased chilling length advanced budburst for almost all species; its effect greatly exceeding that of photoperiod. Moreover, we suggest that photosensitivity and chilling effects have to be rigorously disentangled, as the response to photoperiod was restricted to individuals that had not been fully chilled. The results indicate that temperature requirements and successional strategy are linked, with climax species having higher chilling and forcing requirements than pioneer species. Temperature requirements of invasive species closely matched those of native species, suggesting that high phenological concordance is a prerequisite for successful establishment. Lack of chilling not only led to a considerable delay in budburst but also caused substantial changes in the chronological order of species' budburst. The results reveal that increased winter temperatures might impact forest ecosystems more than formerly assumed. Species with lower chilling requirements, such as pioneer or invasive species, might profit from warming winters, if late spring frost events would in parallel occur earlier.

304 citations


Cites background from "Dormancy in temperate fruit trees i..."

  • ...Our data confirm that a ‘residual effect of dormancy’ (Campoy et al., 2011), defined as a reduction in forcing requirements with increased chilling, exists for almost all species....

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  • ...General effects of chilling and photoperiod Our data confirm that a ‘residual effect of dormancy’ (Campoy et al., 2011), defined as a reduction in forcing requirements with increased chilling, exists for almost all species....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Warming and drought have opposite effects on the phenology of leaf senescence, and the impact of climate change will therefore depend on the relative importance of each factor in specific regions.
Abstract: Leaf senescence in winter deciduous species signals the transition from the active to the dormant stage The purpose of leaf senescence is the recovery of nutrients before the leaves fall Photoperiod and temperature are the main cues controlling leaf senescence in winter deciduous species, with water stress imposing an additional influence Photoperiod exerts a strict control on leaf senescence at latitudes where winters are severe and temperature gains importance in the regulation as winters become less severe On average, climatic warming will delay and drought will advance leaf senescence, but at varying degrees depending on the species Warming and drought thus have opposite effects on the phenology of leaf senescence, and the impact of climate change will therefore depend on the relative importance of each factor in specific regions Warming is not expected to have a strong impact on nutrient proficiency although a slower speed of leaf senescence induced by warming could facilitate a more efficient nutrient resorption Nutrient resorption is less efficient when the leaves senesce prematurely as a consequence of water stress The overall effects of climate change on nutrient resorption will depend on the contrasting effects of warming and drought Changes in nutrient resorption and proficiency will impact production in the following year, at least in early spring, because the construction of new foliage relies almost exclusively on nutrients resorbed from foliage during the preceding leaf fall Changes in the phenology of leaf senescence will thus impact carbon uptake, but also ecosystem nutrient cycling, especially if the changes are consequence of water stress

277 citations


Cites background from "Dormancy in temperate fruit trees i..."

  • ...At this stage, plants have acquired endodormancy and do not respond to signals that promote growth (for details see Rohde & Bhalerao, 2007; Campoy et al., 2011; Cooke et al., 2012)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the state of knowledge in modelling winter chill and the performance of various modelling approaches is presented, along with an assessment of past and projected future changes in winter chill for fruit growing regions and discusses potential adaptation strategies.

265 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of the significant impacts associated with climate change on these food sources is presented, including phenological, physiological, biochemical and reproductive responses in major food crops emphasizing the vulnerable growth and development stages.

173 citations


Cites background from "Dormancy in temperate fruit trees i..."

  • ...Dormancy and meristem inactivity are also induced in some unfavorable environmental conditions, such as chilling temperatures or short photoperiod; and effects of pre blossom temperatures have been reported on fruit set and flower development (Rodrigo and Herrero, 2002; Campoy et al., 2011)....

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References
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David John Griggs1, M. Noguer1
01 Aug 2002-Weather
TL;DR: The terms of reference of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as discussed by the authors were defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).
Abstract: The earth’s climate system has demonstrably changed since the pre-industrial era, with some of these changes attributable to human activities. The consequences of climate change pose a serious challenge to policy-makers. Hence they need an objective source of information about climate change, its impacts and possible response options. Recognising this, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme jointly established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. The terms of reference of the IPCC include:

4,758 citations