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Journal ArticleDOI

Dredging Maintenance Plan for the Kolkata Port, India

TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic procedure and maintenance plan for conducting dredging activity at the Kolkata port located in the Head Bay region, east coast of India is presented, which is one of the oldest riverine ports in the country constructed by the British East India Company.
Abstract: The present study reports on a systematic procedure and maintenance plan for conducting dredging activity at the Kolkata port located in the Head Bay region, east coast of India. It is one of the oldest riverine ports in the country constructed by the British East India Company. The port comprises two docks, viz. Kolkata Dock Complex and the Haldia Dock System under the administrative control of the Kolkata Port Trust. The navigation channel located in the Hooghly River accommodates sea-going vessels with 200 GRT with pilotage assistance cruising upstream almost 145 km from Sagar Islands located in Hooghly estuary. The navigation channel experiences high rates of sedimentation being a riverine port. This study investigates the sedimentation rate throughout the navigation channel, identifying zones of high sedimentation rate. The behavioural pattern of tides and currents is analysed using the state-of-the-art ADCIRC model, and wave conditions are simulated using SWAN model. The hydrodynamic information obtained from ADCIRC and SWAN is input to the SEDTRANS model. Based on the intensity of sedimentation, the maintenance plan is proposed for three dredging seasons. On the basis of this scientific rationale and seasonal dredging maintenance procedure, it is anticipated that huge investments involved in the maintenance dredging of this channel can be minimized.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Among all the categories of OMPs, plasticizers seems to exhibit maximum screening level ecological risk through out the study area, and Carbamazepine concentration in sediment was an useful marker for untreated wastewater in urban waterways.

40 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed location-specific analysis and prediction utilizing one-hourly tide data with SLPR2 harmonic tidal analysis tool for Gangra situated upstream of the Hooghly River.
Abstract: The Hooghly estuary located in the head Bay of Bengal region is a part of the highly dynamic deltaic environment Tidal variations are pre-dominant in this estuary, and tides propagate considerable distance through a complex network of various riverine systems, inlets, bays and creeks having vital implications on water mass exchange, reworking of deltaic sediments and the mixing process The Hooghly River houses two major ports of national importance, viz Kolkata Dock System and Haldia Dock Complex Tidal forcing is primarily semi-diurnal in nature and with the presence of complex riverine morphology, the tidal characteristics are substantially modified causing various tidal constituents of compound tides The present study performs location-specific tidal analysis and prediction utilizing one-hourly tide data with SLPR2 harmonic tidal analysis tool for Gangra situated upstream of the Hooghly River In a geomorphologic perspective, the water-level elevation at Gangra results from natural tidal flow, as well as refracted effects from cross-flow due to the presence of two natural island barriers, namely Sagar Island situated southward off Gangra and Nayachara in the east The Hooghly channel comprises of complex bathymetric features and tidal analysis at Gangra reveals the presence of Msf (luni-solar synodic fortnightly) tidal constituent Very few locations in India have reported on the existence of the Msf tides, and Gangra is one among them This study also performs a comprehensive validation between the computed monthly tidal prediction from SLPR2 and measured water level at Gangra The skill level of prediction exhibits a good match This study also investigates the influence of atmospheric effects on sea-level pressure variations and the resultant water-level elevation from extreme weather events such as depressions and severe cyclonic storms that occurred during 2013 The study signifies the importance of tidal analysis and prediction for operational needs

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a regional algorithm to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from remote sensing reflectance and field observations for the Hooghly Estuary and coastal waters of West Bengal.
Abstract: The present study presents regional algorithm to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) and field observations for the Hooghly Estuary and coastal waters of West Bengal. The understanding of the suspended sediment concentration along the coastal waters is essential to estimate the environmental impact of erosion and depositional process. The water samples were collected onboard for cloud-free days along the Hooghly Estuary and along the open coast of West Bengal. The field synchronous OCM data are then processed for geometric corrections, and remote sensing reflectance at pixel level is retrieved. The SSC is observed to vary from 35 to 75 mg/l along coastal waters and 24 to 270 mg/l in Hooghly Estuary. The sum of Rrs at 555 and 620 nm is observed to have high correlation with the SSC observed by conventional method. An exponential relation is observed to show better comparison with an R2 value of around 0.74. From observations, it is evident that the reflectance values and SSC for Hooghly Estuary (particularly clay sediment) yielded good correlation than coastal waters for sand sediment concentration. As the regional algorithm developed for the West Bengal coastal area gives better results, this algorithm can used for further research and to estimate SSC in the study area.

10 citations


Cites background from "Dredging Maintenance Plan for the K..."

  • ...The Hooghly estuary also experiences a high sedimentation problem that requires periodic maintenance dredging (Chitra and Bhaskaran 2012; Bhaskaran et al. 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The head Bay of Bengal region that borders the North Indian Ocean is crisscrossed with numerous tidal creeks, riverine systems and channels that play an important role in storm surge studies as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The head Bay of Bengal region that borders the North Indian Ocean is crisscrossed with numerous tidal creeks, riverine systems and channels that play an important role in storm surge studies. In pa...

9 citations


Cites background or methods from "Dredging Maintenance Plan for the K..."

  • ...For Indian coast, the performance of ADCIRC was demonstrated and validated in the studies by Rao et al. (2010), Bhaskaran et al. (2013), Bhaskaran et al. (2014a), Murty et al. (2014), Murty et al. (2016), Gayathri et al. (2016)....

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  • ...…the annual average significant wave height over the head bay region is less than 1.5 m (Patra and Bhaskaran 2016) and the average significant wave height in the Hooghly estuary throughout the year is less than 0.5 m (Bhaskaran et al. 2014b), the effect of waves are neglected in the present study....

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  • ...Prior literature survey (Arora and Bhaskaran 2013; Bhaskaran et al. 2014b) suggest that near to the mouth of river, the average depth is nearly 6 m with deeper depths in the port channel....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The navigational channel leading to Haldia Dock Complex suffers heavy sedimentation causing gradual reduction of water depth and posing inconvenience for marine traffic movements as mentioned in this paper, and to overcome this, a new navigational control system is proposed.
Abstract: The navigational channel leading to Haldia Dock Complex suffers heavy sedimentation causing gradual reduction of water depth and posing inconvenience for marine traffic movements To overcome this

6 citations


Cites background from "Dredging Maintenance Plan for the K..."

  • ...Bhaskaran et al. (2014) identified the high rate of sedimentation zone along the navigational channel leading to Kolkata Port and accordingly maintenance dredging plan is proposed for three seasons, which may minimize the maintenance dredging cost....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors showed that rivers with large sediment loads (annual discharges greater than about $15 \times 10^{6}$ tons) contribute about $7 −times 10 −9$ tons of suspended sediment to the ocean yearly.
Abstract: New data and new estimates from old data show that rivers with large sediment loads (annual discharges greater than about $15 \times 10^{6}$ tons) contribute about $7 \times 10^{9}$ tons of suspended sediment to the ocean yearly. Extrapolating available data for all drainage basins, the total suspended sediment delivered by all rivers to the oceans is about $13.5 \times 10^{9}$ tons annually; bedload and flood discharges may account for an additional $1-2 \times 10^{9}$ tons. About 70% of this total is derived from southern Asia and the larger islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, where sediment yields are much greater than for other drainage basins.

3,409 citations

Book
01 Jan 1967
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed the principle of similarity for the prediction of stage-discharge relations in alluvial streams. But they did not consider the effect of the number of particles in the stream.
Abstract: 2. SEDIMENT PROPERTIES 2. 1 General remarks 2.2 Particle size characteristics 2. 3 Specific gravity 2.4 Settling velocity 2. 5 Other properties 3. HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL STREAMS 3. 1 Some general definitions 3.2 Critical bed shear 3.3 Transport mechanisms 3.4 Bed configurations 3. 5 Shape effect 3. 6 The effective bed shear 4. THE SIMILARITY PRINCIPLE 4. 1 Basic parameters 4. 2 Hydraulic resistance of alluvial streams 4.3 Sediment discharge 4.4 Limitation of the theory 5. FLUVIOLOGY 5. 1 General aspects 5.2. Application of the principle of similarity 6. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 6. 1 Prediction of stage-discharge relations 6.2 Design of channels

1,423 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a third-generation spectral wave model for small-scale, coastal regions with shallow water, (barrier) islands, tidal flats, local wind, and ambient currents is verified in stationary mode with measurements in five real field cases.
Abstract: A third-generation spectral wave model (Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN)) for small-scale, coastal regions with shallow water, (barrier) islands, tidal flats, local wind, and ambient currents is verified in stationary mode with measurements in five real field cases. These verification cases represent an increasing complexity in two- dimensional bathymetry and added presence of currents. In the most complex of these cases, the waves propagate through a tidal gap between two barrier islands into a bathymetry of channels and shoals with tidal currents where the waves are regenerated by a local wind. The wave fields were highly variable with up to 3 orders of magnitude difference in energy scale in individual cases. The model accounts for shoaling, refraction, generation by wind, whitecapping, triad and quadruplet wave-wave interactions, and bottom and depth-induced wave breaking. The effect of alternative formulations of these processes is shown. In all cases a relatively large number of wave observations is available, including observations of wave directions. The average rms error in the computed significant wave height and mean wave period is 0.30 m and 0.7 s, respectively, which is 10% of the incident values for both.

1,082 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The resulting integrated SWAN + ADCIRC system is highly scalable and allows for localized increases in resolution without the complexity or cost of nested meshes or global interpolation between heterogeneous meshes.

514 citations