Drosophila protamine-like Mst35Ba and Mst35Bb are required for proper sperm nuclear morphology but are dispensable for male fertility.
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...In flies, nuclear transformation involves the exchange of somatic histones for SNBPs called protamine-like proteins.21,22 In D. melanogaster, the transition protein Tpl94D facilitates the exchange of histones for protamine-like proteins.4-6 It has also been well documented that mammalian transition proteins (TPs) are involved in binding DNA to facilitate the transition from nucleosome-based chromatin to protamine-based chromatin.3 The D. melanogaster protamine-like proteins are male specific transcripts MST35Ba and MST35Bb.1,2,4,13,23 The purpose of MST35Ba and MST35Bb appears to be to serve as the protector of the compacted DNA in the sperm nucleus against detrimental environmental factors such as X-rays.6 Furthermore, deletion of MST35Ba and MST35Bb does not significantly affect chromatin *Correspondence to: Angela V Klaus, Email: angela.klaus@shu.edu Submitted: 01/14/2016; Revised: 04/08/2016; Accepted: 04/09/2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21565562.2016.1178518 www.tandfonline.com e1178518-1Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis 5:3, e1178518; September/October/November/December 2015; Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC REPORT condensation or fertility as it does in mammals when true protamines are deleted.1,2,24,25 Recent studies showed that during spermiogenesis both transition (Tpl94D) and histone H1 linker-like (male specific transcript - MST77F) proteins play a significant role in remodeling the sperm nucleus in D. melanogaster.4,6 During sperm nuclear remodeling, the ubiquitous chromatin insulator protein CTCF has been postulated to be involved in controlling the areas where chromatin can undergo histone modification.4 These histone modifications include H2A mono-ubiquitination and an increase in H4 acetylation, which cause the histones on the chromatin to be removed and degraded.4 Consequently, an opening within the chromatin allows Tpl94D to act as an intermediate for the transition from a histone bound nucleosome to a protamine bound structure.4 A key component of Tpl94D that allows for chromatin condensation to occur is the N terminal high mobility group (HMG) box.4 This HMG box is rich in arginine, which is a very basic amino acid with high affinity for binding DNA.4,5 Recently, we performed a detailed bioinformatic analysis of protamine-like proteins in 12 species of Drosophila (D. melanogaster....
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...melanogaster protamine-like proteins are male specific transcripts MST35Ba and MST35Bb.(1,2,4,13,23) The purpose of MST35Ba and MST35Bb appears to be to serve as the protector of the compacted DNA in the sperm nucleus against detrimental environmental factors such as X-rays....
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...These sperm-specific proteins include histone H1 linker-like proteins,(1,2) true protamines,(3) protaminelike proteins,(1,2) chromatin insulator proteins,(4) and transition proteins.(2,4-6) Histone H1 linker-like proteins, true protamines and protamine-like proteins appear to have evolved from histone H1 linker and are collectively referred as the “sperm nuclear basic proteins” (SNBPs)....
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...condensation or fertility as it does in mammals when true protamines are deleted.(1,2,24,25) Recent studies showed that during spermiogenesis both transition (Tpl) and histone H1 linker-like (male specific transcript - MST77F) proteins play a significant role in remodeling the sperm nucleus in D....
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References
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"Drosophila protamine-like Mst35Ba a..." refers background in this paper
...Volume 4 November 2014 | Function of Protamine-Like Proteins | 2243...
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...In mammals, the bulk of sperm chromatin is organized with two small protamines (Protamine 1 and 2) highly enriched in arginine residues (Balhorn 2007)....
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"Drosophila protamine-like Mst35Ba a..." refers background in this paper
...Interestingly, the D. melanogaster genome contains several recent copies of Mst77F on the Y chromosome, and eight of these Mst77Y genes are most likely functional (Russell and Kaiser 1993; Krsticevic et al. 2010)....
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...Russell, S. R., and K. Kaiser, 1993 Drosophila melanogaster male germ linespecific transcripts with autosomal and Y-linked genes....
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...Drosophila comprises at least three SNBPs: two paralogous protamine-like proteins, Mst35Ba and Mst35Bb, which are conserved among drosophilids, and the HILS1related protein Mst77F (Russell and Kaiser 1993; Jayaramaiah Raja and Renkawitz-Pohl 2005; Alvi et al. 2013; Rathke et al. 2014)....
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"Drosophila protamine-like Mst35Ba a..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Volume 4 November 2014 | Function of Protamine-Like Proteins | 2243...
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...…the simultaneous deletion of these other genetic elements could potentially interfere with a detailed functional analysis of Mst35B genes, we generated a precise deletion of the Mst35B locus by homologous recombination using the “EndsOut” targeting technique (Gong and Golic 2003, 2004) (Figure 1A)....
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