Dry Matter Production and Nutrient Uptake in Irrigated Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 1
About: This article is published in Agronomy Journal.The article was published on 1970-03-01. It has received 114 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Dry matter.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the dilution effect in plant nutrition studies is discussed, and the effect of a chemical or environmental treatment on the concentration of a nutrient in the plant will be considered in two categories: noninteractive and interactive.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the dilution effect in plant nutrition studies. “Environmental conditions” include changes in the soil environment because of the addition of inorganic and organic materials, and water to soil, as well as temperature and light, the application of living organisms such as rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, and the inclusion of toxic materials such as heavy metals. A summary is presented of the physical, chemical, and biological reasons that accounts for the observed changes in the rate of nutrient uptake, and the rate of dry matter accumulation as functions of time. The chapter proposes that data on total uptake and total dry matter yield be considered wherever possible, and that consideration of these factors be coupled with consideration of concentrations. In instances where total nutrient uptake is difficult to calculate, it is suggested that this be estimated by the product of concentration and yield. The effect of a chemical or environmental treatment on the concentration of a nutrient in the plant will be considered in two categories—noninteractive and interactive. Of these two, the interactive effects have been most carefully studied in soil-plant nutrition work.
668 citations
TL;DR: Goals aimed toward increasing crop productivity and improved quality dictate either increased potassium supply or more efficient use of potassium, so developing plants that more efficiently use potassium might be a worthwhile goal for geneticists.
Abstract: Potassium is one of the principle plant nutrients underpinning crop yield production and quality determination. While involved in many physiological processes, potassium's impact on water relations, photosynthesis, assimilate transport and enzyme activation can have direct consequences on crop productivity. Potassium deficiency can lead to a reduction in both the number of leaves produced and the size of individual leaves. Coupling this reduced amount of photosynthetic source material with a reduction in the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area, and the result is an overall reduction in the amount of photosynthetic assimilates available for growth. The production of less photosynthetic assimilates and reduced assimilate transport out of the leaves to the developing fruit greatly contributes to the negative consequences that deficiencies of potassium have on yield and quality production. Goals aimed toward increasing crop productivity and improved quality dictate either increased potassium supply or more efficient use of potassium. Developing plants that more efficiently use potassium might be a worthwhile goal for geneticists.
652 citations
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...Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) also takes up the majority of its K1 during the blooming and boll-filling period (Bassett et al. 1970, Mullins and Burmester 1990)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of high temperature on the cotton plant as a whole, including important physiological, growth and yield processes, and fiber properties, are discussed in detail, and various new screening techniques based on physiological, ecophysiological, and morphological traits to identify tolerant germplasm are discussed.
Abstract: Cotton (Gossypium spp) is an important crop in several parts of the world, which is highly sensitive to environmental stresses In the last century, carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] has risen rapidly from about 350 μmol mol−1 in 1980 to about 378 μmol mol−1 at present At the current rate of gas emissions and population increase, it is predicted that CO2 will double by end of this century These changes in CO2 and other greenhouse gases are predicted to increase surface mean temperature in the range of 14–58 °C In addition, studies also show that future climates will have more frequent short episodes of high temperature (heat) Most crops are highly sensitive to heat stress and often result in progressively decreasing yields at temperatures above the optimum In most of the cotton‐producing regions, current temperatures are already close to or above the optimum temperature for its growth and yield, particularly during flowering and boll growth period Therefore, any increase in mean temperature or episodes of heat stress will further decrease yields One of the most important and economic ways to overcome negative effects of heat stress is to identify and/or develop heat‐tolerant cultivars At present, the major constraint for identifying heat‐tolerant cultivars is the lack of reliable screening tool Better understanding of the possible impact of high‐temperature stress on physiological, morphological, and yield processes would not only help in mitigating the adverse effects of high‐temperature stress but also in developing reliable field‐screening tools This chapter reviews effects of high temperature on the cotton plant as a whole, including important physiological, growth and yield processes, and fiber properties In addition, various new screening techniques based on physiological, ecophysiological, and morphological traits to identify tolerant germplasm are discussed in detail Finally, the genetic, biotechnological, and breeding approaches are discussed herewith to improve understanding of heat tolerance in cotton
203 citations
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...In the field on coarse soil, the maximum rate recorded was 50mm day 1, but was decreased to 8 mm day 1 in cool soil temperatures (Bassett et al., 1970)....
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TL;DR: The potential effects of N on tritrophic interactions are reviewed and it is shown that nitrogen effects can extend directly to natural enemies through herbivores by changes in herbivore quality vis-à-vis the natural enemy, and may even provide Herbivores with a defense against natural enemies.
Abstract: Tritrophic interactions (plant—herbivore—natural enemy) are basic components of nearly all ecosystems, and are often heavily shaped by bottom-up forces. Numerous factors influence plants’ growth, defense, reproduction, and survival. One critical factor in plant life histories and subsequent trophic levels is nitrogen (N). Because of its importance to plant productivity, N is one of the most frequently used anthropogenic fertilizers in agricultural production and can exert a variety of bottom-up effects and potentially significantly alter tritrophic interactions through various mechanisms. In this paper, the potential effects of N on tritrophic interactions are reviewed. First, in plant-herbivore interactions, N availability can alter quality of the plant (from the herbivore’s nutritional perspective) as food by various means. Second, nitrogen effects can extend directly to natural enemies through herbivores by changes in herbivore quality vis-a-vis the natural enemy, and may even provide herbivores with a defense against natural enemies. Nitrogen also may affect the plant’s indirect defenses, namely the efficacy of natural enemies that kill herbivores attacking the plant. The effects may be expressed via (1) quantitatively and/or qualitatively changing herbivore-induced plant volatiles or other plant features that are crucial for foraging and attack success of natural enemies, (2) modifying plant architecture that might affect natural enemy function, and (3) altering the quality of plant-associated food and shelter for natural enemies. These effects, and their interactive top–down and bottom-up influences, have received limited attention to date, but are of growing significance with the need for expanding global food production (with accompanying use of fertilizer amendments), the widening risks of fertilizer pollution, and the continued increase in atmospheric CO2.
123 citations
Cites background from "Dry Matter Production and Nutrient ..."
...For example, in the early developmental stages, cotton leaf tissue contains ca. 4% N, but it decreases to less than 3% shortly after flowering (Bassett et al. 1970)....
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117 citations