DSP based implementation of a three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM for voltage regulation and power quality improvement
01 Nov 2009-pp 3660-3665
TL;DR: In this article, a three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM (distribution static compensator) based on three-leg VSC (voltage source converter) and a star/delta transformer is proposed for voltage regulation in a 3-phase 4-wire distribution system, which is controlled to compensate reactive power, eliminate harmonic currents, balance the load and also to mitigate the neutral current.
Abstract: A three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM (distribution static compensator) based on three-leg VSC (voltage source converter) and a star/delta transformer is proposed for voltage regulation in a three-phase four-wire distribution system The DSTATCOM is controlled to compensate reactive power, eliminate harmonic currents, balances the load and also to mitigate the neutral current The use of star/delta transformer for interfacing to a three-phase four-wire power distribution system reduces required rating of the VSC for a three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM The IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) based VSC is capacitor supported and is controlled for the required compensation of the load current The dc bus voltage of the VSC is regulated during varying load conditions The control algorithm is based on synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory for generating the gating pulses The performance of the three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM is validated for voltage regulation along with neutral current compensation, harmonic elimination and balancing of linear loads as well as non-linear loads through hardware implementation using dSPACE, which is based on DS1104 R&D controller and a slave DSP subsystem based on TMS320F240
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
90 citations
Cites background from "DSP based implementation of a three..."
...to compensate the neutral current [87], mitigate unbalanced load variations [88] and excessive neutral current [89], [90]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: Field test results have shown that the proposed fully digital control system provides good transient response and steady-state characteristics for the oveall system including protection and monitoring functions.
Abstract: In this paper, a fully digital controller based on multiple digital signal processor (DSP) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) boards has been proposed for parallel-operated cascaded multilevel converters (CMC) used in flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) applications. The proposed system is composed of a DSP-based master controller in combination with a multiple number of slave DSP boards, FPGA boards, microcontrollers, a programmable logic controller (PLC), an industrial computer, and their peripherals in interaction. Intercommunication of these digital controllers is achieved mainly through fiber-optic links, via synchronous serial data link wherever a high-speed, full duplex communication is needed, and via asynchronous serial communication interface wherever relatively slow communication speed is required. The proposed fully-digital control system has been implemented on a sample 11-level CMC-based 154-kV, +/-50-MVAr transmission type static synchronous compensator (T-STATCOM). Field test results have shown that the proposed fully digital control system provides good transient response and steady-state characteristics for the oveall system including protection and monitoring functions.
87 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the distribution static compensator employed for harmonic filtering, power factor correction, neutral current compensation, and load balancing in the distribution network is presented in this article, where the authors provide a wide spectrum on architecture, topologies, and control techniques to the researchers, designers, and engineers working on power quality improvement.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the distribution static compensator employed for harmonic filtering, power factor correction, neutral current compensation, and load balancing in the distribution network. The intention of this review is to provide a wide spectrum on architecture, topologies, and control techniques to the researchers, designers, and engineers working on power quality improvement. More than 100 research publications on the topologies, configuration, control techniques, and applications of distribution static compensator have been thoroughly reviewed and classified for quick reference.
66 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of state of art neutral compensation techniques utilised for power electronic converters having direct and indirect control over unbalance components to compensate for various unbalance effects, such as high neutral current, phase unbalance, and neutral shift, in three-phase four-wire LV networks is presented.
Abstract: In many residential and commercial low voltage (LV) networks, three-phase four-wire distribution systems are used to accommodate single- and three-phase customer loads and renewable energy sources (RES). Unequal distribution of both linear and nonlinear loads, along with the increasing penetration of RES units in distribution networks can increase the neutral current severely and also cause associated voltage unbalance problems, such as neutral to ground voltage rise, neutral voltage shift and harmonics at the point of common coupling (PCC) where grid, loads and converter are linked together. A high neutral current can cause electrical safety concerns at customer points. It also demands a costly neutral conductor with higher current ratio to avoid damages of the conductor and the distribution transformer. Therefore, reducing the neutral current using a control-based compensation method is desirable without increasing the size of the neutral conductor. This paper presents a comprehensive review for reduction of neutral current on different state of the art techniques utilised for power electronic converters having direct and indirect control over unbalance components to compensate for various unbalance effects, such as high neutral current, phase unbalance, and neutral shift, in three-phase four-wire (3 P–4W) LV networks. Relevant international standards and analytical results for unbalanced real LV networks, and load data are also presented. This review provides a clear picture of state of art neutral compensation techniques to identify the challenges and future directions for researchers and engineers working with various RESs in both residential and commercial 3 P–4W LV networks.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a synchronous reference frame (SRF) with in-direct approach is used for the control of 3P-4W UPQCs, where the current/voltage control is applied over the fundamental supply currents and voltages instead of fast changing APFs currents/voltages.
14 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The p-q theory in three-phase, four-wire Shunt Active Filters as discussed by the authors has been applied to power flow control in power electronics equipment and has been shown to be useful in many applications.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Concepts and Evolution of Electric Power Theory. 1.2. Applications of the p-q Theory to Power Electronics Equipment. 1.3. Harmonic Voltages in Power Systems. 1.4. Identified and Unidentified Harmonic-Producing Loads. 1.5. Harmonic Current and Voltage Sources. 1.6. Basic Principles of Harmonic Compensation. 1.7. Basic Principles of Power Flow Control. References. 2. Electric Power Definitions: Background. 2.1. Power Definitions Under Sinusoidal Conditions. 2.2. Voltage and Current Phasors and the Complex Impedance. 2.3. Complex Power and Power Factor. 2.4. Concepts of Power Under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions -Conventional Approaches. 2.5. Electric Power in Three-Phase Systems. 2.6. Summary. References. 3 The Instantaneous Power Theory. 3.1. Basis of the p-q Theory. 3.2. The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Three-Wire Systems. 3.3. The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems. 3.4. Instantaneous abc Theory. 3.5. Comparisons between the p-q Theory and the abc Theory. 3.6. Summary. References. 4 Shunt Active Filters. 4.1. General Description of Shunt Active Filters. 4.2. Three-Phase, Three-Wire Shunt Active Filters. 4.3. Three-Phase, Four-Wire Shunt Active Filters. 4.4. Shunt Selective Harmonic Compensation. 4.5. Summary. References. 5 Hybrid and Series Active Filters. 5.1. Basic Series Active Filter. 5.2. Combined Series Active Filter and Shunt Passive Filter. 5.3. Series Active Filter Integrated with a Double-Series Diode Rectifier. 5.4. Comparisons Between Hybrid and Pure Active Filters. 5.5. Conclusions. References. 6 Combined Series and Shunt Power Conditioners. 6.1. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). 6.2. The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). 6.3. The Universal Active Power Line Conditioner (UPLC). 6.4. Summary. References. Index.
2,038 citations
"DSP based implementation of a three..." refers methods in this paper
...Some of the topologies of DSTATCOM for three-phase four-wire system for the mitigation of neutral current along with power quality compensation in the supply current are four-leg VSC (voltage source converter), three single phase VSC, three-leg VSC with split capacitors [4], three-leg VSC with zig-zag transformer [7-8], three-leg VSC with neutral terminal at the positive or negative of dc bus [9]....
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Book•
01 Oct 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a power quality evaluation procedure for the purpose of measuring the power quality of a power supply. But, they do not define the specific classes of power quality problems.
Abstract: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION What is Power Quality? Power Quality -- Voltage Quality Why Are We Concerned About Power Quality? The Power Quality Evaluation Procedure Who Should Use This Book Overview of the Contents CHAPTER 2: TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Need for a Consistent Vocabulary General Classes of Power Quality Problems Transients Long-Duration Voltage Variations Short-Duration Voltage Variations Voltage Imbalance Waveform Distortion Voltage Fluctuation Power Frequency Variations Power Quality Terms Ambiguous Terms CBEMA and ITI Curves References CHAPTER 3: VOLTAGE SAGS AND INTERRUPTIONS Sources of Sags and Interruptions Estimating Voltage Sag Performance Fundamental Principles of Protection Solutions at the End-User Level Evaluating the Economics of Different Ride-Through Alternatives Motor-Starting Sags Utility System Fault-Clearing Issues References CHAPTER 4: TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES Sources of Transient Overvoltages Principles of Overvoltage Protection Devices for Overvoltage Protection Utility Capacitor-Switching Transients Utility System Lightning Protection Managing Ferroresonance Switching Transient Problems with Loads Computer Tools for Transients Analysis References CHAPTER 5: FUNDAMENTALS OF HARMONICS Harmonic Distortion Voltage versus Current Distortion Harmonics versus Transients Harmonic Indexes Harmonic Sources from Commercial Loads Harmonic Sources from Industrial Loads Locating Harmonic Sources System Response Characteristics Effects of Harmonic Distortion Interharmonics References Bibliography CHAPTER 6: APPLIED HARMONICS Harmonic Distortion Evaluations Principles for Controlling Harmonics Where to Control Harmonics Harmonic Studies Devices for Controlling Harmonic Distortion Harmonic Filter Design: A Case Study Case Studies Standards of Harmonics References Bibliography CHAPTER 7: LONG-DURATION VOLTAGE VARIATIONS Principles of Regulating the Voltage Devices for Voltage Regulation Utility Voltage Regulator Application Capacitors for Voltage Regulation End-User Capacitor Application Regulating Utility Voltage with Distributed Resources Flicker References Bibliography CHAPTER 8: POWER QUALITY BENCHMARKING Introduction Benchmarking Process RMS Voltage Variation Indices Harmonics Indices Power Quality Contracts Power Quality Insurance Power Quality State Estimation Including Power Quality in Distribution Planning References Bibliography CHAPTER 9: DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND POWER QUALITY Resurgence of DG DG Technologies Interface to the Utility System Power Quality Issues Operating Conflicts DG on Distribution Networks Siting DGDistributed Generation Interconnection Standards Summary References Bibliography CHAPTER 10: WIRING AND GROUNDING Resources Definitions Reasons for Grounding Typical Wiring and Grounding Problems Solutions to Wiring and Grounding Problems Bibliography CHAPTER 11: POWER QUALITY MONITORING Monitoring Considerations Historical Perspective of Power Quality Measuring Instruments Power Quality Measurement Equipment Assessment of Power Quality Measurement Data Application of Intelligent Systems Power Quality Monitoring Standards References Index INDEX
1,991 citations
Book•
31 Aug 2002
TL;DR: Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices as discussed by the authors considers the structure, control and performance of series compensating DVR, the shunt DSTATCOM and the SHunt with series UPQC for power quality improvement in electricity distribution.
Abstract: Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices considers the structure, control and performance of series compensating DVR, the shunt DSTATCOM and the shunt with series UPQC for power quality improvement in electricity distribution. Also addressed are other power electronic devices for improving power quality in Solid State Transfer Switches and Fault Current Limiters. Applications for these technologies as they relate to compensating busses supplied by a weak line and for distributed generation connections in rural networks, are included. In depth treatment of inverters to achieve voltage support, voltage balancing, harmonic suppression and transient suppression in realistic network environments are also covered. New material on the potential for shunt and series compensation which emphasizes the importance of control design has been introduced. Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices is appropriate for distribution engineers, graduate engineers and designers working in the area of power electronic applications for power systems. Sections of the book on power quality issues and generation connection make for a timely reference for undergraduates studying distribution engineering. Written for: Distribution engineers, graduate engineers and designers working in the area of power electronic applications for power systems, students
1,015 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, strategies for extracting the three-phase reference currents for shunt active power filters are compared, evaluating their performance under different source and load conditions with the new IEEE Standard 1459 power definitions.
Abstract: Strategies for extracting the three-phase reference currents for shunt active power filters are compared, evaluating their performance under different source and load conditions with the new IEEE Standard 1459 power definitions. The study was applied to a three-phase four-wire system in order to include imbalance. Under balanced and sinusoidal voltages, harmonic cancellation and reactive power compensation can be attained in all the methods. However, when the voltages are distorted and/or unbalanced, the compensation capabilities are not equivalent, with some strategies unable to yield an adequate solution when the mains voltages are not ideal. Simulation and experimental results are included
578 citations
"DSP based implementation of a three..." refers methods in this paper
...There are many control approaches available for the generation of reference source currents for the control of VSC of three-phase, four-wire DSTATCOM system in the literature [12-16]....
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Book•
07 Mar 2008
TL;DR: The second edition of this must-have reference covers power quality issues in four parts, including new discussions related to renewable energy systems as mentioned in this paper, and provides theoretical and practical insight into power quality problems of electric machines and systems.
Abstract: The second edition of this must-have reference covers power quality issues in four parts, including new discussions related to renewable energy systems. The first part of the book provides background on causes, effects, standards, and measurements of power quality and harmonics. Once the basics are established the authors move on to harmonic modeling of power systems, including components and apparatus (electric machines). The final part of the book is devoted to power quality mitigation approaches and devices, and the fourth part extends the analysis to power quality solutions for renewable energy systems. Throughout the book worked examples and exercises provide practical applications, and tables, charts, and graphs offer useful data for the modeling and analysis of power quality issues. *. Provides theoretical and practical insight into power quality problems of electric machines and systems. . 134 practical application (example) problems with solutions. . 125 problems at the end of chapters dealing with practical applications. . 924 references--mostly journal articles and conference papers--as well as national and international standards and guidelines.
539 citations