Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Technique for Physical-Layer Secure Communication

doi:10.1109/LAWP.2011.2178384

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Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Technique for Physical-Layer Secure Communication

Journal Article•DOI•

Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Technique for Physical-Layer Secure Communication

Tao Hong¹, Mao-Zhong Song¹, Yu Liu¹•Institutions (1)

Nanjing University¹

07 Dec 2011-IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters (IEEE)-Vol. 10, Iss: 10, pp 1417-1420

TL;DR: Simulation results show that this dual-beam DM technique offers a security transmission method for wireless communication.

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Abstract: A dual-beam directional modulation (DM) technique is proposed for physical-layer secure communication. The main idea is that the in-phase and quadrature (IQ) baseband signals are used to excite two different antennas unlike a traditional transmitter, which is used to excite the same antenna. In this way, the constellation points of the transmit signal maintain their positions as traditional digital modulation signal at the desired direction, but scramble in the phase at the undesired directions because of the transmit signal both modulated at the baseband and the antenna level. Simulation results show that this dual-beam DM technique offers a security transmission method for wireless communication.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A Survey on Multiple-Antenna Techniques for Physical Layer Security

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Xiaoming Chen¹, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng², Wolfgang H. Gerstacker³, Hsiao-Hwa Chen⁴•Institutions (4)

Zhejiang University¹, University of New South Wales², University of Erlangen-Nuremberg³, National Cheng Kung University⁴

01 Apr 2017-IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

TL;DR: A detailed investigation on multiple-antenna techniques for guaranteeing secure communications in point-to-point systems, dual-hop relaying systems, multiuser systems, and heterogeneous networks is provided.

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Abstract: As a complement to high-layer encryption techniques, physical layer security has been widely recognized as a promising way to enhance wireless security by exploiting the characteristics of wireless channels, including fading, noise, and interference. In order to enhance the received signal power at legitimate receivers and impair the received signal quality at eavesdroppers simultaneously, multiple-antenna techniques have been proposed for physical layer security to improve secrecy performance via exploiting spatial degrees of freedom. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various multiple-antenna techniques in physical layer security, with an emphasis on transmit beamforming designs for multiple-antenna nodes. Specifically, we provide a detailed investigation on multiple-antenna techniques for guaranteeing secure communications in point-to-point systems, dual-hop relaying systems, multiuser systems, and heterogeneous networks. Finally, future research directions and challenges are identified.

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416 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Antenna Subset Modulation for Secure Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communication

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Nachiappan Valliappan¹, Angel Lozano², Robert W. Heath¹•Institutions (2)

University of Texas at Austin¹, Pompeu Fabra University²

20 Jun 2013-IEEE Transactions on Communications

TL;DR: This paper exploits the potential of large antenna arrays at millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) frequencies to develop a low-complexity directional modulation technique, Antenna Subset Modulation (ASM), for point-to-point secure wireless communication.

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Abstract: The small carrier wavelength at millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) frequencies enables featuring a large number of co-located antennas. This paper exploits the potential of large antenna arrays to develop a low-complexity directional modulation technique, Antenna Subset Modulation (ASM), for point-to-point secure wireless communication. The main idea in ASM is to modulate the radiation pattern at the symbol rate by driving only a subset of antennas in the array. This results in a directional radiation pattern that projects a sharply defined constellation in the desired direction and expanded further randomized constellation in other directions. Two techniques for implementing ASM are proposed. The first technique selects an antenna subset randomly for every symbol. While randomly switching antenna subsets does not affect the symbol modulation for a desired receiver along the main direction, it effectively randomizes the amplitude and phase of the received symbol for an eavesdropper along a sidelobe. Using a simplified statistical model, an expression for the average uncoded symbol error rate (SER) is derived as a function of the observation angle. To overcome the problem of large sidelobes in random antenna subset switching, the second technique uses an optimized antenna subset selection procedure based on simulated annealing to achieve superior performance compared with random selection. Numerical comparisons of the SER performance and secrecy capacity of the proposed techniques against those of conventional array transmission are presented to highlight the potential of ASM.

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245 citations

Cites background from "Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..."

...While [19] proposes a dual-beam technique to create a modulated signal using two different radiation patterns, [20] relies on switching antennas based on a chipping sequence....
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...Rather than scrambling the desired constellation in unwanted directions [12], [14], [19], ASM synthesizes a multi-point constellation to confuse undesired receivers....
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...DM for spread spectrum communication is introduced in [19] and [20], where the DM signal is modulated at both the baseband and the antenna levels....
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...Compared to DM techniques [12]–[15], [17], [19] that scramble the constellation in undesired transmission directions, ASM artificially introduces randomness in the received constellation through antenna subset selection to combine the benefits of security and directional transmission....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A Vector Approach for the Analysis and Synthesis of Directional Modulation Transmitters

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Yuan Ding¹, Vincent Fusco¹•Institutions (1)

Queen's University Belfast¹

01 Jan 2014-IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

TL;DR: In order to formalize and extend on previous ad-hoc analysis and synthesis methods a theoretical treatment using vector representations of directional modulation systems is introduced and used to achieve DM transmitter characteristics.

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Abstract: In order to formalize and extend on previous ad-hoc analysis and synthesis methods a theoretical treatment using vector representations of directional modulation (DM) systems is introduced and used to achieve DM transmitter characteristics. An orthogonal vector approach is proposed which allows the artificial orthogonal noise concept derived from information theory to be brought to bear on DM analysis and synthesis. The orthogonal vector method is validated and discussed via bit error rate (BER) simulations.

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204 citations

Cites background or methods from "Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..."

..., [1]–[9] and [15], fall into the static DM category....
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...In [4]–[8], [15] a closed form bit-error-rate (BER) equation for QPSK modulation based on “minimum Euclidean distance decoding” was adopted....
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...Namely, 1) the complex design process [1]–[3], 2) nonstandard modulation formats in the required spatial direction [1]–[8], 3) inability to spatially redirect the required secure communication direction [15], and 4) the need for high-speed RF switches and/or high-precision RF phase shifters that can be switched at the signal modulation rate [1]–[14]....
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...In [15], quadrature modulated I and Q data streams were separately encoded at the baseband, up-converted to radio frequency (RF) and then separately transmitted....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Directional Modulation Based on 4-D Antenna Arrays

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Quanjiang Zhu¹, Shiwen Yang¹, Ruilin Yao¹, Zaiping Nie¹•Institutions (1)

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China¹

01 Feb 2014-IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

TL;DR: A time-modulated 4-D array with constant instantaneous directivity is proposed for directional modulation and two enhanced methods are presented to improve the feasibility of directional modulation by using random time sequences and random time modulation frequency.

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Abstract: Four-dimensional (4-D) antenna arrays are formed by introducing a fourth dimension, time, into traditional antenna arrays. In this paper, a time-modulated 4-D array with constant instantaneous directivity is proposed for directional modulation. The main idea is that the 4-D array transmits correct signal without time modulation in the desired direction, while transmitting time-modulated signals in other directions. As longs as the time modulation frequency is less than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, the time-modulated signals cannot be demodulated correctly due to the aliasing effect, implying that time-modulated signals go distorted. Thus, the 4-D array can be used to transmit direction-dependent signals in secure wireless communications. The proposed idea is verified by experiments based on AM signal transmission through the 4-D array. Moreover, BPSK signal transmission through the 4-D array is studied and the bit error rate (BER) performance is investigated. Simulation results show that the BERs of time-modulated BPSK (TM-BPSK) signals transmitted through the sidelobes of the 4-D array are much higher than those of BPSK signals and almost keep unchanged even under higher SNR. Finally, two enhanced methods are presented to improve the feasibility of directional modulation by using random time sequences and random time modulation frequency.

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152 citations

Cites methods from "Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..."

...In [7], a dual-beam directional modulation technique is presented, which uses two antennas to transmit I and Q channel data of a QPSK signal, respectively....
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...2290122 secure communication link [2]–[7]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Robust Synthesis Method for Secure Directional Modulation With Imperfect Direction Angle

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Jinsong Hu¹, Feng Shu¹, Jun Li¹•Institutions (1)

Nanjing University of Science and Technology¹

04 Apr 2016-IEEE Communications Letters

TL;DR: A novel and robust DM synthesis method based on conditional minimum mean square error that is capable of substantially improving the bit error rate performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

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Abstract: Directional modulation (DM) is a secure transmission technology that is able to retain the original constellation of transmitted signals along the desired direction, while distort the constellation in the undesired directions at the same time. In this letter, we develop novel and robust DM synthesis methods for enhancing the transmission performance. Specifically, we first propose a low-complexity dynamic DM synthesis method. In this method, we derive a closed-form expression for the null space of conjugate transpose of the steering vector in the desired direction. Based on the expression derived, we construct a projection matrix in order to form artificial noises to those undesired directions. Then, we focus our attention on more practical scenarios, where there is uncertainty in the estimated direction angle. This uncertainty will cause estimation errors and seriously jeopardize the receiving performance in the desired direction. To mitigate the uncertainty effect, we further propose a robust DM synthesis method based on conditional minimum mean square error. The proposed method aims to minimize the distortion of the constellation points along the desired direction. Simulation results show that our proposed robust DM method is capable of substantially improving the bit error rate performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

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139 citations

Cites methods from "Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..."

...In [3], the authors developed a method, in which the in-phase and quadrature baseband signals are...
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Directional Modulation Technique for Phased Arrays

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Michael P. Daly¹, Jennifer T. Bernhard¹•Institutions (1)

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign¹

07 Jul 2009-IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

TL;DR: In this article, a directional modulation (DM) technique using a phased array to produce the modulation is presented, where the desired amplitude and phase of each symbol in a digital modulation scheme can be produced in a given direction with data rates determined by the switching speed of the phase shifters.

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Abstract: A directional modulation (DM) technique using a phased array to produce the modulation is presented. By phase shifting each element correctly, the desired amplitude and phase of each symbol in a digital modulation scheme can be produced in a given direction with data rates determined by the switching speed of the phase shifters. Because this signal is direction-dependent, the technique offers security, as the signal can be purposely distorted in other directions. DM also enables an array to send independent data in multiple directions. When using an array with driven elements, the phase shifts can be determined from simple calculations rather than time-consuming simulations or measurements. Mathematical analysis and experimental results are presented.

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383 citations

"Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..." refers background or methods in this paper

...The DM signals proposed in the [1]–[6] have the characteristic of LPI , which means that eavesdroppers cannot extract any useful information data from the receive signal....
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...In this way, the dual-beam DM signal not only has the characteristic of LPI, but also has the characteristic of LPD, unlike DM signals in [1]–[5] only with the characteristic of LPI....
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...According to [1], the receive signal can be expressed by (1), when multiple beams are used to transmit the communication signal...
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...1) A dual-beam DM technique using radiation pattern is proposed for physical-layer secure communication, unlike [1] and [2] using a phase shifter and [3] and [6] using a...
[...]
...References [1] and [2] propose a directional modulation (DM) technique using a phase array for physical-layer secure communication, which synthesizes the digital modulation symbol in the RF portion (phase shifter) of the transmitter....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Transmitter Architectures Based on Near-Field Direct Antenna Modulation

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Aydin Babakhani¹, David B. Rutledge¹, Ali Hajimiri¹•Institutions (1)

California Institute of Technology¹

12 Dec 2008-IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits

TL;DR: Two fully-integrated proof-of-concept NFDAM transmitters operating at 60 GHz using switches and varactors are demonstrated in silicon proving the feasibility of this approach.

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Abstract: A near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) technique is introduced, where the radiated far-field signal is modulated by time-varying changes in the antenna near-field electromagnetic (EM) boundary conditions. This enables the transmitter to send data in a direction-dependent fashion producing a secure communication link. Near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) can be performed by using either switches or varactors. Two fully-integrated proof-of-concept NFDAM transmitters operating at 60 GHz using switches and varactors are demonstrated in silicon proving the feasibility of this approach.

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202 citations

"Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..." refers background or methods in this paper

...signal, unlike how [4] and [5] need to design complicated effective length and scattering properties of the reflector....
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...References [4] and [5] introduce a near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) technique, which forms...
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...2) This dual-beam DM technique is similar to the NFDAM technique in [4] and [5]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Signal Radiation and Power Losses of Time-Modulated Arrays

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Julio Bregains¹, J. Fondevila-Gomez¹, Giorgio Franceschetti², F. Ares³, F. Ares², F. Ares¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

University of Santiago de Compostela¹, University of California, Los Angeles², University of Naples Federico II³

06 Jun 2008-IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

TL;DR: A closed form expression for the total power associated to sideband radiation is obtained, very convenient for the implementation of real-time optimization of the system.

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Abstract: We review and formalize the mathematical background of time-modulated linear arrays (TMLAs); then, a number of issues are examined. First, for signal transmission applications, restrictions to the frequencies involved in the procedure are highlighted. Second, the sideband power losses associated to the technique are thoroughly examined, introducing a coefficient appropriate to evaluate the efficiency of the procedure. Finally, a closed form expression for the total power associated to sideband radiation is obtained, very convenient for the implementation of real-time optimization of the system. Relevance of additional research on the subject is highlighted.

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197 citations

"Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..." refers background in this paper

...the switching antenna array is that there are many additional unwanted sideband signals space at multiples of the modulation frequency, called sideband radiation [8]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Demonstration of Directional Modulation Using a Phased Array

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Michael P. Daly¹, Erica L. Daly¹, Jennifer T. Bernhard¹•Institutions (1)

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign¹

01 Mar 2010-IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

TL;DR: In this paper, a four-symbol modulation is created by repeated switching of phase shifters in a phased array, in a technique known as directional modulation (DM), where phase shifts are chosen to minimize the bit error rate (BER) in a line-of-sight channel in a desired direction while maximizing the BER elsewhere.

...read moreread less

Abstract: A four-symbol modulation is created by repeated switching of phase shifters in a phased array, in a technique known as directional modulation (DM). The phase shifts are chosen to minimize the bit error rate (BER) in a line-of-sight channel in a desired direction while maximizing the BER elsewhere. A DM transmitter is demonstrated in an anechoic chamber, and results are compared with a traditional baseband QPSK modulation using the same phased array. Experiments indicate that the DM transmitter creates a narrower region of low BERs around the desired direction than the traditional phased array while maintaining high BERs in the sidelobe regions.

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185 citations

"Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Furthermore, the DM signals proposed in [1] and [2] cannot synthesize the spread-spectrum signal due to the switching speed of the phase shifter [1]....
[...]
...References [1] and [2] propose a directional modulation (DM) technique using a phase array for physical-layer secure communication, which synthesizes the digital modulation symbol in the RF portion (phase shifter) of the transmitter....
[...]
...1) A dual-beam DM technique using radiation pattern is proposed for physical-layer secure communication, unlike [1] and [2] using a phase shifter and [3] and [6] using a...
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Beamsteering in Pattern Reconfigurable Arrays Using Directional Modulation

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Michael P. Daly¹, Jennifer T. Bernhard¹•Institutions (1)

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign¹

29 Mar 2010-IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

TL;DR: Results indicate that compared to a traditional reconfigurable array, the directional modulation array allows information to be sent over a narrower beamwidth and provides more selectivity in the possible transmit angles.

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Abstract: An array with pattern-reconfigurable elements is used to generate a digital modulation by switching the elements for every symbol. This technique is known as directional modulation. Because the modulation is generated at the antenna level, it gives control over the directions in which data is sent, unlike baseband modulation which transmits the same data in all directions at different power levels. A procedure for determining how to switch the elements to transmit only in a specified direction is outlined. Results indicate that compared to a traditional reconfigurable array, the directional modulation array allows information to be sent over a narrower beamwidth. Additionally, the method provides more selectivity in the possible transmit angles. Measured and calculated results from a four-element reconfigurable array are presented.

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144 citations

"Dual-Beam Directional Modulation Te..." refers background or methods in this paper

...1) A dual-beam DM technique using radiation pattern is proposed for physical-layer secure communication, unlike [1] and [2] using a phase shifter and [3] and [6] using a...
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...For the DM signals proposed in [3] and [6], an inherent drawback of...
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