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Journal ArticleDOI

Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OFDM

20 Feb 2017-IEEE Access (IEEE)-Vol. 5, pp 50-60
TL;DR: A dual-mode OFDM technique is proposed, which is combined with index modulation and enhances the attainable throughput of conventional index-modulation-based OFDM and achieves a considerably better BER performance than other OFDM systems using index modulation, while imposing the same or lower computational complexity.
Abstract: Index modulation has become a promising technique in the context of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), whereby the specific activation of the frequency domain subcarriers is used for implicitly conveying extra information, hence improving the achievable throughput at a given bit error ratio (BER) performance. In this paper, a dual-mode OFDM technique (DM-OFDM) is proposed, which is combined with index modulation and enhances the attainable throughput of conventional index-modulation-based OFDM. In particular, the subcarriers are divided into several subblocks, and in each subblock, all the subcarriers are partitioned into two groups, modulated by a pair of distinguishable modem-mode constellations, respectively. Hence, the information bits are conveyed not only by the classic constellation symbols, but also implicitly by the specific activated subcarrier indices, representing the subcarriers’ constellation mode. At the receiver, a maximum likelihood (ML) detector and a reduced-complexity near optimal log-likelihood ratio-based detector are invoked for demodulation. The minimum distance between the different legitimate realizations of the OFDM subblocks is calculated for characterizing the performance of DM-OFDM. Then, the associated theoretical analysis based on the pairwise error probability is carried out for estimating the BER of DM-OFDM. Furthermore, the simulation results confirm that at a given throughput, DM-OFDM achieves a considerably better BER performance than other OFDM systems using index modulation, while imposing the same or lower computational complexity. The results also demonstrate that the performance of the proposed low-complexity detector is indistinguishable from that of the ML detector, provided that the system’s signal to noise ratio is sufficiently high.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three forms of IM are investigated: spatial modulation, channel modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with IM, which consider the transmit antennas of a multiple-input multiple-output system, the radio frequency mirrors mounted at a transmit antenna and the subcarriers of an OFDM system for IM techniques, respectively.
Abstract: What is index modulation (IM)? This is an interesting question that we have started to hear more and more frequently over the past few years. The aim of this paper is to answer this question in a comprehensive manner by covering not only the basic principles and emerging variants of IM, but also reviewing the most recent as well as promising advances in this field toward the application scenarios foreseen in next-generation wireless networks. More specifically, we investigate three forms of IM: spatial modulation, channel modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with IM, which consider the transmit antennas of a multiple-input multiple-output system, the radio frequency mirrors (parasitic elements) mounted at a transmit antenna and the subcarriers of an OFDM system for IM techniques, respectively. We present the up-to-date advances in these three promising frontiers and discuss possible future research directions for IM-based schemes toward low-complexity, spectrum- and energy-efficient next-generation wireless networks.

676 citations


Cites background or methods from "Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OF..."

  • ...In this GFDM-SFIM scheme, dual-mode IMprinciple of [31] is integrated to SM-based MIMO-GFDM systems to further improve their BER performance....

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  • ...The authors of [31] proposed the scheme of dualmode OFDM (DM-OFDM) in which the major disadvantage of OFDM-IM is removed by the activation of the inactive subcarriers of OFDM-IM to transmit modulated symbols selected from a secondary constellation that is distinguishable from the primary constellation used by the active subcarriers (see Subsection VII....

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  • ...activating all subcarriers while still exploiting IM [31]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Spatial modulation (SM) as mentioned in this paper is an innovative and promising digital modulation technology that strikes an appealing tradeoff between spectral efficiency and energy efficiency with a simple design philosophy, and can be applied in other signal domains, such as frequency/time/code/angle domain or even across multiple domains.
Abstract: Spatial modulation (SM) is an innovative and promising digital modulation technology that strikes an appealing tradeoff between spectral efficiency and energy efficiency with a simple design philosophy. SM enjoys plenty of benefits and shows great potential to fulfill the requirements of future wireless communications. The key idea behind SM is to convey additional information typically through the ON/OFF states of transmit antennas and simultaneously save the implementation cost by reducing the number of radio-frequency chains. As a result, the SM concept can have widespread effects on diverse applications and can be applied in other signal domains, such as frequency/time/code/angle domain or even across multiple domains. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the latest results and progresses in SM research. Specifically, the fundamental principles, variants of system design, and enhancements of SM are described in detail. Furthermore, the integration of the SM family with other promising techniques, applications to emerging communication systems, and extensions to new signal domains are also extensively studied.

292 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Monte Carlo simulations on BER corroborate the analyses and show that the proposed schemes appear as promising multi-carrier transmission alternatives by outperforming the existing OFDM-IM counterparts.
Abstract: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) performs transmission by considering two modes over OFDM subcarriers, which are the null and the conventional $M$ -ary signal constellation The spectral efficiency (SE) of the system, however, is limited, since the null mode itself does not carry any information and the number of subcarrier activation patterns increases combinatorially In this paper, a novel IM scheme, called multiple-mode OFDM-IM (MM-OFDM-IM), is proposed for OFDM systems to improve the SE by conveying information through multiple distinguishable modes and their full permutations A practical and efficient mode selection strategy, which is constrained on the phase shift keying/quadrature amplitude modulation constellations, is designed Two efficient detectors that provide different tradeoffs between the error performance and detection complexity are also proposed The principle of MM-OFDM-IM is further extended to the in-phase and quadrature components of OFDM signals, and the method of generating multiple modes from the $M$ -ary pulse amplitude modulation constellation for this modified scheme is also introduced Bit error rate (BER) analyses are provided for the proposed schemes Monte Carlo simulations on BER corroborate the analyses and show that the proposed schemes appear as promising multi-carrier transmission alternatives by outperforming the existing OFDM-IM counterparts

252 citations


Cites background or methods from "Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OF..."

  • ...In [34], the “inactive” subcarriers of OFDM-IM are allowed to transmit modulated symbols drawn from a secondary constellation that is distinguishable from the primary constellation used by the “active” subcarriers, enlarging the symbol domain significantly while keeping the index domain unchanged....

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  • ...The classical OFDM, OFDM-IM [8], DM-OFDM [34], and OFDM-I/Q-IM [17] schemes are chosen as reference in comparisons....

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  • ...It is worth noting that due to the same multiple-mode transmission nature, our study of the optimal modes for the MM-OFDM-IM scheme is extendable to the DM-OFDM scheme, which is not performed in [34]....

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  • ...This scheme, called dual-mode IM aided OFDM (DM-OFDM) in [34], is shown to achieve a larger MED than OFDM-IM under the same average bit energy....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey on IM is presented to provide the readers with a better understanding of its principles, advantages, and potential applications and a range of challenges and open issues on IM are discussed.
Abstract: In fifth generation wireless networks, the escalating teletraffic and energy consumption has necessitated the development of green communication techniques in order to further enhance both the system’s spectral efficiency and energy efficiency In the past few years, the novel index modulation (IM) has emerged as a promising technology that is widely employed in wireless communications In this paper, we present a survey on IM in order to provide the readers with a better understanding of its principles, advantages, and potential applications We start with a comprehensive literature review, where the concept of IM is introduced, and various existing IM schemes are classified according to their signal domains, including the frequency domain, spatial domain, time domain and channel domain Then the principles of different IM-aided systems are detailed, where the transceiver design is illustrated, followed by descriptions of typical systems and corresponding performance evaluation A range of challenges and open issues on IM are discussed before we conclude this survey

243 citations


Cites background or methods or result from "Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OF..."

  • ...To overcome this performance limitation of single-mode based schemes, dual-mode IM aided OFDM (DM-OFDM) was developed in [46], which fully utilizes the valuable spec-...

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  • ...Moreover, as demonstrated by the simulation results given in [41] and [46], the LLR-based detectors for GSIM-OFDM and DM-OFDM only suffer from slight performance loss, compared to their optimal ML counterparts, which are also illustrated in Fig....

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  • ...After obtaining the UPEP of any two possible realizations of OFDM subblock, the estimated BER, which is referred to as average bit error probability (ABEP), can be derived as [46]...

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  • ...Therefore, for systems with large sizes of constellation alphabets and/or high number of activated subcarriers, the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) algorithm [46] is invoked for reduced-complexity detection at the cost of slight performance degradation....

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  • ...An example of MA and MB in DM-OFDM with MA = MB = 4 [46]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed OFDM-HIQ-IM and LP-OFDM-IQ-IM schemes, as revealed by both theoretical analyses and computer simulations, enable low-complexity detection and exhibit superior error rate performance over the existing OFDM -IM schemes.
Abstract: Index modulation concept has attracted considerable research interest in the past few years As a realization of index modulation in the frequency domain, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) has recently been proposed, which conveys information bits through both the subcarrier activation patterns and the amplitude phase modulation constellation points This paper proposes two enhanced OFDM-IM schemes aimed at achieving higher spectral efficiency and diversity gain, respectively The first one, termed OFDM with hybrid in-phase/quadrature index modulation (OFDM-HIQ-IM), explores the I- and Q- dimensions jointly for index modulation, allowing transmission of more index modulation bits in each subcarrier group The second one, termed linear constellation precoded OFDM-IQ-IM (LP-OFDM-IQ-IM), spreads information symbols across two adjacent active subcarriers through linear constellation precoding to harvest additional diversity gain By maximizing the minimum squared Euclidean distance, two different realizations of LP-OFDM-IQ-IM are derived, which leads to a rotated and a diamond-shaped constellation, respectively The proposed OFDM-HIQ-IM and LP-OFDM-IQ-IM, as revealed by both theoretical analyses and computer simulations, enable low-complexity detection and exhibit superior error rate performance over the existing OFDM-IM schemes

165 citations


Cites background from "Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OF..."

  • ...The improvement is achieved by dividing all subcarriers into two groups and modulating the subcarriers within groups with two distinguishable constellation alphabets [32]....

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  • ...Unlike the aforementioned two schemes, which focus on the enlargement of the index domain, the recently-emerging dual-mode index modulation aided OFDM (DM-OFDM) improves the SE by ensuring the increase of the number of ordinary modulation bits....

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  • ...For the same reason described earlier, OFDM-HIQ-IM outperforms DM-OFDM in spite of a much larger SE....

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  • ...and DM-OFDM [32] systems are also considered for comparison, where for the classical OFDM system we assume 4-QAM...

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  • ...The classical OFDM, OFDM-IM [24], and DM-OFDM [32] systems are also considered for comparison, where for the classical OFDM system we assume 4-QAM and 16-QAM, for the OFDM-IM system we assume (n, k) = (4, 3) with 4-QAM and (8, 7) with 16-QAM, and for the DM-OFDM system we assume (n, k) = (4, 2) with (BPSK, π/2-rotated BPSK) and (8, 6) with (8-PSK, π/8-rotated 8-PSK) in Figs....

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References
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MonographDOI
01 Jan 1985

8,911 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: An analytical approach for symbol error ratio (SER) analysis of the SM algorithm in independent identically distributed Rayleigh channels results closely match and it is shown that SM achieves better performance in all studied channel conditions, as compared with other techniques.
Abstract: Spatial modulation (SM) is a recently developed transmission technique that uses multiple antennas. The basic idea is to map a block of information bits to two information carrying units: 1) a symbol that was chosen from a constellation diagram and 2) a unique transmit antenna number that was chosen from a set of transmit antennas. The use of the transmit antenna number as an information-bearing unit increases the overall spectral efficiency by the base-two logarithm of the number of transmit antennas. At the receiver, a maximum receive ratio combining algorithm is used to retrieve the transmitted block of information bits. Here, we apply SM to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. We develop an analytical approach for symbol error ratio (SER) analysis of the SM algorithm in independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh channels. The analytical and simulation results closely match. The performance and the receiver complexity of the SM-OFDM technique are compared to those of the vertical Bell Labs layered space-time (V-BLAST-OFDM) and Alamouti-OFDM algorithms. V-BLAST uses minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection with ordered successive interference cancellation. The combined effect of spatial correlation, mutual antenna coupling, and Rician fading on both coded and uncoded systems are presented. It is shown that, for the same spectral efficiency, SM results in a reduction of around 90% in receiver complexity as compared to V-BLAST and nearly the same receiver complexity as Alamouti. In addition, we show that SM achieves better performance in all studied channel conditions, as compared with other techniques. It is also shown to efficiently work for any configuration of transmit and receive antennas, even for the case of fewer receive antennas than transmit antennas.

1,996 citations


"Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OF..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The concept of index modulation (IM) is related to the principle of spatial modulation [4]–[6] originally conceived for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which was then also invoked in the context of OFDM, leading to the index-modulation-based OFDM philosophy....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on SM-MIMO research, to provide a critical appraisal of its potential advantages, and to promote the discussion of its beneficial application areas and their research challenges.
Abstract: A key challenge of future mobile communication research is to strike an attractive compromise between wireless network's area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. This necessitates a clean-slate approach to wireless system design, embracing the rich body of existing knowledge, especially on multiple-input-multiple-ouput (MIMO) technologies. This motivates the proposal of an emerging wireless communications concept conceived for single-radio-frequency (RF) large-scale MIMO communications, which is termed as SM. The concept of SM has established itself as a beneficial transmission paradigm, subsuming numerous members of the MIMO system family. The research of SM has reached sufficient maturity to motivate its comparison to state-of-the-art MIMO communications, as well as to inspire its application to other emerging wireless systems such as relay-aided, cooperative, small-cell, optical wireless, and power-efficient communications. Furthermore, it has received sufficient research attention to be implemented in testbeds, and it holds the promise of stimulating further vigorous interdisciplinary research in the years to come. This tutorial paper is intended to offer a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on SM-MIMO research, to provide a critical appraisal of its potential advantages, and to promote the discussion of its beneficial application areas and their research challenges leading to the analysis of the technological issues associated with the implementation of SM-MIMO. The paper is concluded with the description of the world's first experimental activities in this vibrant research field.

1,171 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown via computer simulations that the proposed OFDM with index modulation scheme achieves significantly better error performance than classical OFDM due to the information bits carried in the spatial domain by the indices of OFDM subcarriers.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, called OFDM with index modulation (OFDM-IM), is proposed for operation over frequency-selective and rapidly time-varying fading channels In this scheme, the information is conveyed not only by M-ary signal constellations as in classical OFDM, but also by the indices of the subcarriers, which are activated according to the incoming bit stream Different low complexity transceiver structures based on maximum likelihood detection or log-likelihood ratio calculation are proposed and a theoretical error performance analysis is provided for the new scheme operating under ideal channel conditions Then, the proposed scheme is adapted to realistic channel conditions such as imperfect channel state information and very high mobility cases by modifying the receiver structure The approximate pairwise error probability of OFDM-IM is derived under channel estimation errors For the mobility case, several interference unaware/aware detection methods are proposed for the new scheme It is shown via computer simulations that the proposed scheme achieves significantly better error performance than classical OFDM due to the information bits carried by the indices of OFDM subcarriers under both ideal and realistic channel conditions

752 citations

BookDOI
25 Jul 2003
TL;DR: This first complete treatment of OFDM, MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output)-OFDM and MC-CDMAC considers the benefits of channel coding and space time coding in the context of various application examples and features numerous complete system design examples.

729 citations


"Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OF..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It is also capable of offering a low-complexity high-performance solution for mitigating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by a dispersive channel [2], [3]....

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  • ...by the mapper A are determined by the two index bits, which assume the values of [0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0] and [1, 1], as I((1)) A = [1, 2], I (2) A = [2, 3], I (3) A = [3, 4] and I((4)) A = [1, 4], while the other subcarriers are modulated by the mapper B....

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