Dual pathways connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex in the rhesus monkey
TL;DR: It is speculated that each of these prefrontal projections may carry highly specific information into the hippocampus, whereas the reciprocal projections may allow retrieval by prefrontal cortex of memories stored in the hippocampus.
About: This article is published in Neuroscience.The article was published on 1984-07-01. It has received 730 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Subiculum & Prefrontal cortex.
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TL;DR: It is proposed that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them, which provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task. We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed
10,943 citations
TL;DR: A summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex are reported on.
Abstract: In recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque monkey. The number of identified connections between areas has increased even more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on the visual system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are predominantly or exclusively visual in function, plus an additional 7 areas that we regard as visual-association areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. A total of 305 connections among these 32 visual and visual-association areas have been reported. This represents 31% of the possible number of pathways if each area were connected with all others. The actual degree of connectivity is likely to be closer to 40%. The great majority of pathways involve reciprocal connections between areas. There are also extensive connections with cortical areas outside the visual system proper, including the somatosensory cortex, as well as neocortical, transitional, and archicortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes. In the somatosensory/motor system, there are 62 identified pathways linking 13 cortical areas, suggesting an overall connectivity of about 40%. Based on the laminar patterns of connections between areas, we propose a hierarchy of visual areas and of somatosensory/motor areas that is more comprehensive than those suggested in other recent studies. The current version of the visual hierarchy includes 10 levels of cortical processing. Altogether, it contains 14 levels if one includes the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus at the bottom as well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus at the top. Within this hierarchy, there are multiple, intertwined processing streams, which, at a low level, are related to the compartmental organization of areas V1 and V2 and, at a high level, are related to the distinction between processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes. However, there are some pathways and relationships (about 10% of the total) whose descriptions do not fit cleanly into this hierarchical scheme for one reason or another. In most instances, though, it is unclear whether these represent genuine exceptions to a strict hierarchy rather than inaccuracies or uncertainities in the reported assignment.
7,796 citations
Cites background from "Dual pathways connecting the dorsol..."
...TEMPORAL PIT CIT STP FST PlTd PITvOTd CITv AlTd AITv STPp STPl TF TM + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + PARIETAL ISTdHSTI PO PIP UP VIP HIP HDP DP 7....
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...In particular, we distinguish among dorsal and ventral subdivisions of posterior inferotemporal cortex (PITd and PITv), central inferotemporal cortex (CITd and CITv), and anterior inferotemporal cortex (AITd and AITv)....
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...6 From AlTd AITv TF AlTd STP TF TH FEF 46 AlTd STPp 46 STPa TF TH 46 TF TH 46 STPa TF TH TF TH AlTd TF TH 7 Inputs To CITv 7a FEF STPp STPa AlTd AITv 46 8 Origin IS....
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...Occasionally, patterns are encountered that involve primarily superficial layers (e.g., layers 1 and 2 in the projection from V4 to VI; predominantly layer 3 in the projection from AITd to FEF)....
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...6 From FST UP MSTd MSTI 7a FEF 46 MSTd MSTI PI T LIP VIP FEF 7a STPp TF MSTd MSTI UP FEF 7a MSTd MSTI PITv 7a FEF TF 46 7a PI T TF FEF STPp 7a FEF STPp FEF 46 CITv AlTd AITv ClTd CITv AlTd AITv TF TH STPp TH FEF 46 AlTd AITv 7 Inputs To DP FST VIP LIP MSTd MSTI PIT PlTd PITv CI T ClTd 8 Origin (S.B....
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TL;DR: The 193 peer reviewed MRI studies reported in the current review span the period from 1988 to August, 2000 and have led to more definitive findings of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia than any other time period in the history of schizophrenia research.
2,298 citations
Cites background from "Dual pathways connecting the dorsol..."
...…that brain regions within the temporal lobe are highly interconnected with other brain regions, including the frontal lobe (e.g. Fuster, 1989; Goldman-Rakic et al., 1984; Pandya and Seltzer, 1982; Pandya et al., 1981; Selemon et al., 1995; Vogt and Pandya, 1987; Vogt et al., 1987), and that…...
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...…and evolved neocortical regions of the human brain, comprising close to 30% of neocortex in humans, with both afferent and efferent connections to all other areas of cortex, as well as to limbic and basal ganglia structures (Fuster, 1989; Goldman-Rakic et al., 1984; Pandya and Seltzer, 1982)....
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TL;DR: Autonomic arousal measures, the pattern of WCS errors, and results of complementary studies suggest that the DLPFC finding is linked to regionally specific cognitive function and is not a nonspecific epiphenomenon.
Abstract: • To evaluate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) physiology and function simultaneously, 20 medication-free patients with chronic schizophrenia and 25 normal controls underwent three separate xenon Xe 133 inhalation procedures for determination of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF): first at rest, then while performing an automated version of the Wisconsin Card Sort (WCS), a DLPFC-specific cognitive test, and while peforming a simple number-matching (NM) test. During rest, patients had significantly reduced relative, but not absolute, rCBF to DLPFC. During NM, no specific region differentiated patients from controls. During WCS, however, both absolute and relative rCBF to DLPFC significantly distinguished patients from controls. While controls showed a clear increase in DLPFC rCBF, patients did not. The changes were regionally specific, involving only DLPFC. Furthermore, in patients, DLPFC rCBF correlated positively with WCS cognitive performance, suggesting that the better DLPFC was able to function, the better patients could perform. Autonomic arousal measures, the pattern of WCS errors, and results of complementary studies suggest that the DLPFC finding is linked to regionally specific cognitive function and is not a nonspecific epiphenomenon.
2,066 citations
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01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: The amnesic syndrome is presented as an extension of the theory to humans and the role of operators in the locale system is examined.
Abstract: Table of Contents: Chapter 1 - Remembrance of places past: a history of theories of space / Chapter 2 - Spatial behaviour / Chapter 3 - Anatomy / Chapter 4 - Physiology / Chapter 5 - Introduction to the lesion review / Chapter 6 - Exploration / Chapter 7 - Discrimination and maze learning / Chapter 8 - Aversively motivated behaviour / Chapter 9 - Operants: the limited role of the locale system / Chapter 10 - Reactions to reward change / Chapter 11 - Maintenance behaviours / Chapter 12 - Stimulation studies / Chapter 13 - Long-term memory / Chapter 14 - An extension of the theory to humans / Chapter 15 - The amnesic syndrome
8,313 citations
TL;DR: The sensitivity of this new method in demonstrating retrograde transport is markedly superior to that of the previously described benzidine dihydrochloride method and, as a consequence, many efferent connections of the injection site are also visualized.
Abstract: Tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) is a presumptively non-carcinogenic chromogen which yields a blue reaction-product at sites of horseradish peroxidase activity. Sixty-six distinct procedures were performed in rats and monkeys in order to determine the optimal incubation parameters for TMB. As a result, a procedure is recommended whose sensitivity greatly surpasses that of a previously described benzidine dihydrochloride method. Indeed, the sensitivity of this new method in demonstrating retrograde transport is markedly superior to that of the previously described benzidine dihydrochloride method. Furthermore, as a consequence of this enhanced sensitivity, many efferent connections of the injection site are also visualized. The injection site demonstrated by this TMB procedure is significantly larger than the one demonstrated when benzidine dihydrochloride or diaminobenzidine is used as a chromogen. Finally, this TMB procedure has been compared to two other TMB procedures and found to provide superior morphology and sensitivity.
4,297 citations
TL;DR: The following discussion presents some anatomic, clinical and experimental data dealing with the hypothalamus, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus and their interconnections, which are proposed as representing theoretically the anatomic basis of the emotions.
Abstract: The work of Cannon,1Bard,2Penfield,3Ranson4and others has greatly advanced knowledge of the functions of the hypothalamus. In the light of these researches the connections of the hypothalamus to the medial wall of the cerebral cortex gain a new significance. The following discussion presents some anatomic, clinical and experimental data dealing with the hypothalamus, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus and their interconnections. Taken as a whole, this ensemble of structures is proposed as representing theoretically the anatomic basis of the emotions. It is generally recognized that in the brain of lower vertebrates the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere is connected anatomically and integrated physiologically with the hypothalamus and that the lateral wall is similarly related to the dorsal thalamus (Herrick5). These fundamental relations are not only retained but greatly elaborated in the mammalian brain by the further development of the hippocampal formation
3,222 citations
TL;DR: Rats with damage to the fimbria-fornix were tested for the post-operative retention of a preoperatively learned discrimination on a radial arm maze, suggesting a differential involvement of the hippocampus in working memory as compared to reference memory.
909 citations