Dynamic bandwidth allocation for quality-of-service over Ethernet PONs
TL;DR: This work proposes to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and presents different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users.
Abstract: Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON) technology is being considered as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access networks due to the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructures. A major feature for this new architecture is the use of a shared transmission media between all users; hence, medium access control arbitration mechanisms are essential for the successful implementation of EPON: i.e., to ensure a contention-free transmission and provide end users with equal access to the shared media. We propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users. These DBA algorithms are also augmented to support differentiated services, a crucial requirement for a converged broadband access network with heterogeneous traffic. We show that queueing delays under strict bandwidth allocation algorithms result in an unexpected behavior for certain traffic classes, and we suggest the use of DBA with appropriate local queue management to alleviate this inappropriate behavior. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive tutorial on technologies, requirements, architectures, challenges, and potential solutions on means of achieving an efficient C-RAN optical fronthaul for the next-generation network such as the fifth generation network and beyond is presented.
Abstract: The exponential traffic growth, demand for high speed wireless data communications, as well as incessant deployment of innovative wireless technologies, services, and applications, have put considerable pressure on the mobile network operators (MNOs). Consequently, cellular access network performance in terms of capacity, quality of service, and network coverage needs further considerations. In order to address the challenges, MNOs, as well as equipment vendors, have given significant attention to the small-cell schemes based on cloud radio access network (C-RAN). This is due to its beneficial features in terms of performance optimization, cost-effectiveness, easier infrastructure deployment, and network management. Nevertheless, the C-RAN architecture imposes stringent requirements on the fronthaul link for seamless connectivity. Digital radio over fiber-based common public radio interface (CPRI) is the fundamental means of distributing baseband samples in the C-RAN fronthaul. However, optical links which are based on CPRI have bandwidth and flexibility limitations. Therefore, these limitations might constrain or make them impractical for the next generation mobile systems which are envisaged not only to support carrier aggregation and multi-band but also envisioned to integrate technologies like millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and massive multiple-input multiple-output antennas into the base stations. In this paper, we present comprehensive tutorial on technologies, requirements, architectures, challenges, and proffer potential solutions on means of achieving an efficient C-RAN optical fronthaul for the next-generation network such as the fifth generation network and beyond. A number of viable fronthauling technologies such as mm-wave and wireless fidelity are considered and this paper mainly focuses on optical technologies such as optical fiber and free-space optical. We also present feasible means of reducing the system complexity, cost, bandwidth requirement, and latency in the fronthaul. Furthermore, means of achieving the goal of green communication networks through reduction in the power consumption by the system are considered.
263 citations
Cites background or methods from "Dynamic bandwidth allocation for qu..."
...in the IPS scheme can be addressed by employing EA scheme [164], [174]....
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...the order of REPORT message arrivals [164], [171], [174]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a next-generation hybrid WDM/TDM optical access network architecture called Stanford University aCCESS or SUCCESS, which is based on a collector ring and several distribution stars connecting the CO and the users.
Abstract: In this paper, the authors propose a next-generation hybrid WDM/TDM optical access network architecture called Stanford University aCCESS or SUCCESS. This architecture provides practical migration steps from current-generation time-division multiplexing (TDM)-passive optical network (PONs) to future WDM optical access networks. The architecture is backward compatible for users on existing TDM-PONs, while simultaneously capable of providing upgraded high-bandwidth services to new users on DWDM-PONs through advanced WDM techniques. The SUCCESS architecture is based on a collector ring and several distribution stars connecting the CO and the users. A semipassive configuration of the Remote Nodes (RNs) enables protection and restoration, making the network resilient to power failures. A novel design of the OLT and DWDM-PON ONUs minimizes the system cost considerably: 1) tunable lasers and receivers at the OLT are shared by all ONUs on the network to reduce the transceiver count and 2) the fast tunable lasers not only generate downstream data traffic but also provide DWDM-PON ONUs with optical CW bursts for their upstream data transmission. Results from an experimental system testbed support the feasibility of the proposed SUCCESS architecture. Also, simulation results of the first SUCCESS DWDM-PON MAC protocol verify that it can efficiently provide bidirectional transmission between the OLT and ONUs over multiple wavelengths with a small number of tunable transmitters and receivers.
246 citations
TL;DR: A brief introduction to Ethernet passive optical networks is provided, a framework for classifying dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes is introduced, and a comprehensive survey of the dynamic bandwidth allocate methods proposed to date is provided.
Abstract: Optical networks are poised to dominate the access network space in coming years. Ethernet passive optical networks, which leverage the ubiquity of Ethernet at subscriber locations, seem destined for success in the optical access network. In this article we first provide a brief introduction to Ethernet passive optical networks, followed by a discussion of the problem of dynamic bandwidth allocation. We then introduce a framework for classifying dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes and provide a comprehensive survey of the dynamic bandwidth allocation methods proposed to date. We conclude with a side by side comparison of the schemes based on their most prominent characteristics, and outline future developments of dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes.
224 citations
Cites background or methods from "Dynamic bandwidth allocation for qu..."
...first challenge has been addressed by estimating the amount of traffic arriving between two successive transmission grants to an ONU using a proportional control in the IPACT enhancement [5] and a one-step prediction in DBA for QoS [10]....
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...Before we proceed to DBA for QoS [10], we review the IPACT extension to multiple service classes [9], which may be viewed as a precursor to DBA for QoS....
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...Statistical Multiplexing [4], [5] QoS Assurances ́ ́ ́́ + Q Q QQs Absolute Assurances [6], [7] Relative Assurances [8], [9], [10]...
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...The simulations in [10] also considered the average utilization of the upstream bandwidth and found that the proposed DBA for QoS schemes achieve around 90% utilization compared to around 50% with static bandwidth allocation....
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...The simulations reported in [10] compare the average and maximum delays for the proposed DBA for QoS scheme for the service classes best effort, assured forwarding, and expedited forwarding with the delays achieved with a static bandwidth allocation to the individual ONUs....
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TL;DR: This article addresses the requirements of WDM upgraded EPONs and makes recommendations on an evolutionary WDM upgrade at the architecture, protocol, and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm levels, taking backward compatibility with MPCP and future-proofness against arbitrary WDM ONU structures into account.
Abstract: WDM EPONs not only allow for cautious pay-as-you-grow upgrades of single-channel TDM EPONs but also avoid linearly increasing polling cycle times for an increasing number of ONUS. In this article, we first provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of TDM EPONs and recently reported dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, including decentralized scheduling schemes. After reviewing previous work on WDM EPONs, we address the requirements of WDM upgraded EPONs and make recommendations on an evolutionary WDM upgrade at the architecture, protocol, and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm levels, taking backward compatibility with MPCP and future-proofness against arbitrary WDM ONU structures into account. We describe and compare online and offline scheduling paradigms for WDM EPONs. Our simulation results indicate that online scheduling can achieve lower delays, especially at high loads. We outline areas of future research on WDM EPONs.
218 citations
TL;DR: This work compile and classify the research work conducted for Ethernet passive optical networks, and examines PON architectures and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, and further examines the topics of QoS support, as well as fair bandwidth allocation.
Abstract: We compile and classify the research work conducted for Ethernet passive optical networks. We examine PON architectures and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms. Our classifications provide meaningful and insightful presentations of the prior work on EPONs. The main branches of our classification of DBA are: grant sizing, grant scheduling, and optical network unit queue scheduling. We further examine the topics of QoS support, as well as fair bandwidth allocation. The presentation allows those interested in advancing EPON research to quickly understand what already was investigated and what requires further investigation. We summarize results where possible and explicitly point to future avenues of research.
216 citations
References
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01 Dec 1998
TL;DR: An architecture for implementing scalable service differentiation in the Internet achieves scalability by aggregating traffic classification state which is conveyed by means of IP-layer packet marking using the DS field [DSFIELD].
Abstract: This document defines an architecture for implementing scalable service differentiation in the Internet. This architecture achieves scalability by aggregating traffic classification state which is conveyed by means of IP-layer packet marking using the DS field [DSFIELD]. Packets are classified and marked to receive a particular per-hop forwarding behavior on nodes along their path. Sophisticated classification, marking, policing, and shaping operations need only be implemented at network boundaries or hosts. Network resources are allocated to traffic streams by service provisioning policies which govern how traffic is marked and conditioned upon entry to a differentiated services-capable network, and how that traffic is forwarded within that network. A wide variety of services can be implemented on top of these building blocks.
6,226 citations
"Dynamic bandwidth allocation for qu..." refers background or methods in this paper
...We investigate how gated transmission mechanisms [e.g., multipoint control protocol (MPCP)] [ 5 ] and DBA schemes can be combined with priority scheduling and queue management to implement a cost-effective EPON network with differentiated services support....
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...Diffserv [ 5 ] is an IETF framework for classifying network traffic into classes, with different service level for each class....
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...In this paper, we discuss an EPON architecture that supports differentiated services; we classify services into three priorities as defined in [ 5 ], namely the best effort (BE), the assured forwarding (AF), and expedited forwarding (EF)....
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...On the other hand, high-priority traffic (e.g., voice applications), is modeled using a Poisson distribution and packet size is fixed to 70 bytes [ 5 ]....
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01 Apr 1997
TL;DR: The superposition of many ON/OFF sources with strictly alternating ON- and OFF-periods can produce aggregate network traffic that exhibits the Joseph Effect, and this mathematical result can be combined with modern high-performance computing capabilities to yield a simple and efficient linear-time algorithm for generating self-similar traffic traces.
Abstract: We state and prove the following key mathematical result in self-similar traffic modeling: the superposition of many ON/OFF sources (also known as packet trains) with strictly alternating ON- and OFF-periods and whose ON-periods or OFF-periods exhibit the Noah Effect (i.e., have high variability or infinite variance) can produce aggregate network traffic that exhibits the Joseph Effect (i.e., is self-similar or long-range dependent). There is, moreover, a simple relation between the parameters describing the intensities of the Noah Effect (high variability) and the Joseph Effect (self-similarity). This provides a simple physical explanation for the presence of self-similar traffic patterns in modern high-speed network traffic that is consistent with traffic measurements at the source level. We illustrate how this mathematical result can be combined with modern high-performance computing capabilities to yield a simple and efficient linear-time algorithm for generating self-similar traffic traces.We also show how to obtain in the limit a Levy stable motion, that is, a process with stationary and independent increments but with infinite variance marginals. While we have presently no empirical evidence that such a limit is consistent with measured network traffic, the result might prove relevant for some future networking scenarios.
760 citations
"Dynamic bandwidth allocation for qu..." refers background in this paper
...Due to the bursty nature of Ethernet traffic [8], [9], some ONUs might have less traffic to transmit while other ONUs require more than ....
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TL;DR: This study believes that a PON based on polling, with data encapsulated in Ethernet frames, possesses the best qualities, such as dynamic bandwidth distribution, use of a single downstream and a single upstream wavelength, ability to provision a fractional wavelength capacity to each user, and ease of adding a new user.
Abstract: While in recent years backbone bandwidth has experienced substantial growth, little has changed in the access network. “Last mile” still remains the bottleneck between a high capacity LAN or home network and the backbone. Passive optical network (PON) is a technology viewed by many as an attractive solution to this problem. In this study, we discuss and evaluate design issues for PON access networks. Specifically, to drive the cost of an access network down, it is very important to have an efficient, scalable solution. We believe that a PON based on polling, with data encapsulated in Ethernet frames, possesses the best qualities, such as dynamic bandwidth distribution, use of a single downstream and a single upstream wavelength, ability to provision a fractional wavelength capacity to each user, and ease of adding a new user. To support dynamic bandwidth distribution, we propose an interleaved polling algorithm. We then suggest a scheme for in-band signaling that allows using a single wavelength for both downstream data and control message transmission. To obtain realistic simulation results, we generated synthetic traffic that exhibits the properties of self-similarity and long-range dependence. We then analyzed the network performance and its effect on various types of traffic, e.g., best-effort data traffic, VBR video traffic and CBR streams.
373 citations
"Dynamic bandwidth allocation for qu..." refers methods in this paper
...In this paper, we propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined within the IEEE 802.3ah Task Force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to effectively and fairly allocate bandwidths between end users....
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TL;DR: This study proposes the design and analysis of a PON architecture which has an excellent performance-to-cost ratio and discusses the possibility of improving the bandwidth utilization by means of timeslot size adjustment, and by packet scheduling.
Abstract: With the expansion of services offered over the Internet, the “last mile” bottleneck problems continue to exacerbate. A passive optical network (PON) is a technology viewed by many as an attractive solution to this problem. In this study, we propose the design and analysis of a PON architecture which has an excellent performance-to-cost ratio. This architecture uses the time-division multiplexing (TDM) approach to deliver data encapsulated in Ethernet packets from a collection of optical network units (ONUs) to a central optical line terminal (OLT) over the PON access network. The OLT, in turn, is connected to the rest of the Internet. A simulation model is used to analyze the system’s performance such as bounds on packets delay and queue occupancy. Then, we discuss the possibility of improving the bandwidth utilization by means of timeslot size adjustment, and by packet scheduling.
349 citations
"Dynamic bandwidth allocation for qu..." refers background in this paper
...On the other hand, in the upstream direction, a PON is a multipoint to point [1], [ 2 ] network, where multiple ONUs share the same transmission channel....
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...In [ 2 ], the authors studied the performance of EPON using a fixed bandwidth assignment algorithm when all traffic belonged to a single class, i.e., no service differentiation....
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Book•
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01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: This book is an introductory course in analysis of local area networks or computer networks, and a major feature of the text is that it covers both performance analysis and implementation considerations.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
This book is an introductory course in analysis of local area networks or computer networks. Its primary market is in electrical engineering,although the course is also taught in computer science departments. A major feature of the text is that it covers both performance analysis and implementation considerations.
201 citations