Dynamic lithium-ion battery model for system simulation
01 Sep 2002-IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies (IEEE)-Vol. 25, Iss: 3, pp 495-505
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a complete dynamic model of a lithium ion battery that is suitable for virtual prototyping of portable battery-powered systems, based on publicly available data such as the manufacturers' data sheets.
Abstract: Presents here a complete dynamic model of a lithium ion battery that is suitable for virtual-prototyping of portable battery-powered systems. The model accounts for nonlinear equilibrium potentials, rate- and temperature-dependencies, thermal effects and response to transient power demand. The model is based on publicly available data such as the manufacturers' data sheets. The Sony US18650 is used as an example. The model output agrees both with manufacturer's data and with experimental results. The model can be easily modified to fit data from different batteries and can be extended for wide dynamic ranges of different temperatures and current rates.
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TL;DR: An accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive electrical battery model is proposed and implemented in a Cadence environment that accounts for all dynamic characteristics of the battery, from nonlinear open-circuit voltage, current-, temperature-, cycle number-, and storage time-dependent capacity to transient response.
Abstract: Low power dissipation and maximum battery runtime are crucial in portable electronics. With accurate and efficient circuit and battery models in hand, circuit designers can predict and optimize battery runtime and circuit performance. In this paper, an accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive electrical battery model is proposed and implemented in a Cadence environment. This model accounts for all dynamic characteristics of the battery, from nonlinear open-circuit voltage, current-, temperature-, cycle number-, and storage time-dependent capacity to transient response. A simplified model neglecting the effects of self-discharge, cycle number, and temperature, which are nonconsequential in low-power Li-ion-supplied applications, is validated with experimental data on NiMH and polymer Li-ion batteries. Less than 0.4% runtime error and 30-mV maximum error voltage show that the proposed model predicts both the battery runtime and I-V performance accurately. The model can also be easily extended to other battery and power sourcing technologies.
1,986 citations
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...4-V error voltage for constant charge and discharge currents; [20] models the nonlinear relation between the open-circuit voltage and SOC, but ignores the transient behavior; [21], [22] and [24] need additional mathematical equations to obtain the SOC and estimate TABLE I COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CIRCUIT MODELS...
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the lithium ion battery hazards, thermal runaway theory, basic reactions, thermal models, simulations and experimental works is presented, and the related prevention techniques are summarized and discussed on the inherent safety methods and safety device methods.
1,825 citations
TL;DR: Quantitative results show that the optimal size of BESS exists and differs for both the grid-connected and islanded MGs in this paper.
Abstract: This paper presents a new method based on the cost-benefit analysis for optimal sizing of an energy storage system in a microgrid (MG). The unit commitment problem with spinning reserve for MG is considered in this method. Time series and feed-forward neural network techniques are used for forecasting the wind speed and solar radiations respectively and the forecasting errors are also considered in this paper. Two mathematical models have been built for both the islanded and grid-connected modes of MGs. The main problem is formulated as a mixed linear integer problem (MLIP), which is solved in AMPL (A Modeling Language for Mathematical Programming). The effectiveness of the approach is validated by case studies where the optimal system energy storage ratings for the islanded and grid-connected MGs are determined. Quantitative results show that the optimal size of BESS exists and differs for both the grid-connected and islanded MGs in this paper.
785 citations
Cites background from "Dynamic lithium-ion battery model f..."
...Li-ion batteries are growing in popularity for defense, automotive, and aerospace applications due to their high energy density [27]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of cold temperatures on the capacity/power fade of Li-ion battery technology are discussed, along with thermal strategies and the ideal approach to cold-temperature operation.
711 citations
TL;DR: Models of electrochemical processes in the form of equivalent electric circuit parameters were combined with statistical models of state transitions, aging processes, and measurement fidelity in a formal framework to assess the remaining useful life of complex systems.
Abstract: This paper explores how the remaining useful life (RUL) can be assessed for complex systems whose internal state variables are either inaccessible to sensors or hard to measure under operational conditions. Consequently, inference and estimation techniques need to be applied on indirect measurements, anticipated operational conditions, and historical data for which a Bayesian statistical approach is suitable. Models of electrochemical processes in the form of equivalent electric circuit parameters were combined with statistical models of state transitions, aging processes, and measurement fidelity in a formal framework. Relevance vector machines (RVMs) and several different particle filters (PFs) are examined for remaining life prediction and for providing uncertainty bounds. Results are shown on battery data.
692 citations
Cites background from "Dynamic lithium-ion battery model f..."
...In recent years, significant advances have been made in the modeling of batteries [5] as well as the application of advanced mathematical tools in predicting battery health [8]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the galvanostatic charge and discharge of a lithium anode/solid polymer separator/insertion cathode cell is modeled using concentrated solution theory, which is general enough to include a wide range of polymeric separator materials, lithium salts, and composite insertion cathodes.
Abstract: The galvanostatic charge and discharge of a lithium anode/solid polymer separator/insertion cathode cell is modeled using concentrated solution theory. The model is general enough to include a wide range of polymeric separator materials, lithium salts, and composite insertion cathodes. Insertion of lithium into the active cathode material is simulated using superposition, thus greatly simplifying the numerical calculations. Variable physical properties are permitted in the model. The results of a simulation of the charge/discharge behavior of the system are presented. Criteria are established to assess the importance of diffusion in the solid matrix and transport in the electrolyte. Consideration is also given to various procedures for optimization of the utilization of active cathode material.
2,896 citations
"Dynamic lithium-ion battery model f..." refers background in this paper
...dynamics of these batteries [9]–[14], these models are generally not suitable for system-level design exercises....
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TL;DR: The transition between battery and supercapacitor behavior arising from a range of degrees of oxidation/reduction that arise over an appreciable range of potentials is discussed in this article.
Abstract: The storage of electrochemical energy in battery, "supercapacitor," and double‐layer capacitor devices is considered. A comparison of the mechanisms and performance of such systems enables their essential features to be recognized and distinguished, and the conditions for transition between supercapacitor and "battery" behavior to be characterized. Supercapacitor systems based on two‐dimensional underpotential deposition reactions are highly reversible and their behavior arises from the pseudocapacitance associated with potential‐dependence of two‐dimensional coverage of electroactive adatoms on an electrode substrate surface. Such capacitance can be 10–100 times the double‐layer capacitance of the same electrode area. An essential fundamental difference from battery behavior arises because, in such systems, the chemical and associated electrode potentials are a continuous function of degree of charge, unlike the thermodynamic behavior of single‐phase battery reactants. Quasi‐two‐dimensional systems, such as hyperextended hydrous , also exhibit large pseudocapacitance which, in this case, is associated with a sequence of redox processes that are highly reversible. Such oxide redox systems give rise to the best supercapacitor behavior and capacitances of farads per gram can be achieved. Other examples are the conducting polymer electrodes and Li intercalate systems. These systems provide examples of the transition between battery and supercapacitor behavior arising from a range of degrees of oxidation/ reduction that arise over an appreciable range of potentials. The impedance behavior of an supercapacitor is illustrated but is far from that expected for an electrostatic capacitor.
2,000 citations
"Dynamic lithium-ion battery model f..." refers background in this paper
...Capacitive effects arise from double-layer formation at the electrode/solution interface [24], which include capacitance due to purely electrical polarization and capacitance from diffusion limited space charges (pseudo-capacitance [25])....
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TL;DR: In this article, the galvanostatic charge and discharge of a dual lithium ion insertion (rocking chair) cell are modeled with concentrated solution theory, and the insertion of lithium into and out of active electrode material is simulated using superposition, greatly simplifying the numerical calculations.
Abstract: The galvanostatic charge and discharge of a dual lithium ion insertion (rocking‐chair) cell are modeled. Transport in the electrolyte is described with concentrated solution theory. Insertion of lithium into and out of the active electrode material is simulated using superposition, greatly simplifying the numerical calculations. Simulation results are presented for the cell, and these results are compared with experimental data from the literature. Criteria are established to assess the importance of diffusion in the solid matrix and of transport in the electrolytic solution. Various procedures to optimize the utilization of active material are considered. Simulation results for the dual lithium ion insertion cell are compared with those for a cell with a solid lithium negative electrode.
1,572 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared simulation results for a lithium-ion battery based on the couple Li{sub x}C{sub 6} {vert_bar} Li {sub y}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} are compared to experimental data.
Abstract: Modeling results for a lithium-ion battery based on the couple Li{sub x}C{sub 6} {vert_bar} Li{sub y}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} are presented and compared to experimental data. Good agreement between simulation and experiment exists for several different experimental cell configurations on both charge and discharge. Simulations indicate that the battery in its present design is ohmically limited. Additional internal resistance in the cells, beyond that initially predicted by the model, could be described using either a contact resistance between cell layers or a film resistance on the negative electrode particles. Modest diffusion limitations in the carbon electrode arising at moderate discharge rates are used to fit the diffusion coefficient of lithium in the carbon electrode, giving D{sub s{sub {delta}}{sup {minus}}} = 3.9 {times} 10{sup {minus}10} cm{sup 2}/s. Cells with a 1 M (mol/dm{sup 3}) LiPF{sub 6} initial salt concentration become solution-phase diffusion limited at high rates. The low-rate specific energy calculated for the experimental cells ranges from 70 to 90 Wh/kg, with this mass based on the composite electrodes, electrolyte, separator, and current collectors. The peak specific power for a 30 s current pulse to a 2.8 V cutoff potential is predicted to fall from about 360 W/kg at the beginning ofmore » discharge to 100 W/kg at 80% depth of discharge for one particular experimental cell. Different system designs are explored using the mathematical model with the objective of a higher specific energy. Configurations optimized for a 6 h discharge time should obtain over 100 Wh/kg.« less
1,247 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general energy balance for battery systems has been developed, which is useful for estimating cell thermal characteristics, such as temperature, phase changes, mixing effects, and joule heating.
Abstract: A general energy balance for battery systems has been developed. This equation is useful for estimating cell thermal characteristics. Reliable predictions of cell temperature and heat‐generation rate are required for the design and thermal management of battery systems. The temperature of a cell changes as a result of electrochemical reactions, phase changes, mixing effects, and joule heating. The equation developed incorporates these effects in a complete and general manner. Simplifications and special cases are discussed. The results of applying the energy balance to a mathematical model of the cell discharged through two different reaction mechanisms are given as examples. The examples illustrate how the energy equation may be applied to a specific system to examine the relative contributions corresponding to the terms in the equation. The examples show that the processes involved in cell heat generation may be complex and that the application of a sufficiently general energy equation is advantageous.
1,228 citations