Dynamics in the plasma membrane: how to combine fluidity and order
TL;DR: The basic concepts of Brownian diffusion and lipid domain formation in model membranes are summarized and the development of ideas and tools in this field are tracked, outlining key results obtained on the dynamic processes at work in membrane structure and assembly.
Abstract: Cell membranes are fascinating supramolecular aggregates that not only form a barrier between compartments but also harbor many chemical reactions essential to the existence and functioning of a cell. Here, it is proposed to review the molecular dynamics and mosaic organization of the plasma membrane, which are thought to have important functional implications. We will first summarize the basic concepts of Brownian diffusion and lipid domain formation in model membranes and then track the development of ideas and tools in this field, outlining key results obtained on the dynamic processes at work in membrane structure and assembly. We will focus in particular on findings made using fluorescent labeling and imaging procedures to record these dynamic processes. We will also discuss a few examples showing the impact of lateral diffusion on cell signal transduction, and outline some future methodological challenges which must be met before we can answer some of the questions arising in this field of research.
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15 Sep 2008
TL;DR: Purification techniques have made it possible to study the biochemistry of lipid rafts and caveolae and to gain a better understanding of their roles in signal transduction.
Abstract: The plasma membrane does more than serve as a barrier between the contents of the cell and the extracellular space It is a highly organized structure which contains fatty acids, cholesterol and a variety of proteins and is functionally important in trafficking cellular signals The concept of organized structures or domains within the plasma membrane has proven invaluable to understanding how the plasma membrane interacts with the surrounding environment One class of these domains is lipid rafts which have been shown to organize and regulate signalling platforms Caveolae are a subset of lipid rafts which contain specific proteins and lipids that aid in the regulation of signalling processes differently from other domains Purification techniques have made it possible to study the biochemistry of lipid rafts and caveolae and to gain a better understanding of their roles in signal transduction
Keywords:
lipid rafts;
caveolae;
signalling;
cholesterol;
membranes
2 citations
Dissertation•
05 Dec 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a system based on biopuce capable of handling the capture and relargage controle of different populations of sanguines (e.g. lymphocytes).
Abstract: Le present travail de these repose sur la conception d'un systeme miniaturise de type biopuce capable d'assurer la capture et le relargage controle de differentes populations des cellules sanguines (e.g. lymphocytes). Ce projet a pour objectif la construction d'un outil potentiel de recherche dans le domaine de l'immunologie ainsi que du diagnostic qui permettrait non seulement de realiser des essais a partir d'une faible quantite d'echantillon, mais aussi de reduire le temps d'analyse. L'approche consiste plus precisement en la fabrication d'une matrice d'oligonucleotides et l'immobilisation de cellules via une molecule hybride composee d'un anticorps IgG couple a une sequence d'oligonucleotide complementaire. La synthese du produit conjugue est mise en place et conduit a l'assemblage functionnel sur biopuce. Une fois les cellules specifiquement capturees sur la surface, deux voies de relargage controle sont explorees. Ainsi, les lymphocytes sont liberees de facon controlee et sequentielle par clivage enzymatique d'ADN ou alors par desorption physique possible grâce au chauffage localise. La detection se fait en temps reel par l'imagerie de la resonance plasmonique de surface (Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging, SPRi) qui presente l'avantage de pouvoir suivre les phenomenes biomoleculaires en absence de marquage et d'apporter une reponse simultanee d'un echantillon biologique sur un grand nombre des sondes. Accessoirement, une approche instrumentale particuliere nous permet d'observer les etapes de capture/relargage par microscopie optique classique. La construction de la biopuce permet egalement l'elargissement a plusieurs cibles et ouvre ainsi la voie a de nombreuses possibilites d'exploration en termes d'application pour l'analyse d'echantillons biologiques plus complexes tels que du sang.
2 citations
Dissertation•
26 Oct 2018
TL;DR: Biophysical tools and super-resolution imaging have been exploited in this thesis to unravel the spatiotemporal behaviour of different immunoreceptors, with a particular emphasis on the tyrosine kinase immunoreceptor MerTK in human dendritic cells.
Abstract: Discrimination between foreign and potentially harmful antigens, and the body’s own tissue is one of the most crucial first steps that lays at the basis of a proper immune response. Immunoreceptors are cell membrane embedded molecules that aid immune cells in identifying and interacting with its environment. Because of their key importance, they are therefore a frequent subject of research in immunology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the organization of immunoreceptors in space and time on the plasma membrane directly impacts on the way they function. Over the past two decades, novel microscopy techniques and biophysical tools have been developed and exploited to directly visualize molecular events in immune cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. These technical advances have led to the emergence of a new, active field of research: Nano-immunology. Biophysical tools and super-resolution imaging have been exploited in this thesis to unravel the spatiotemporal behaviour of different immunoreceptors, with a particular emphasis on the tyrosine kinase immunoreceptor MerTK. These studies have contributed to further our understanding of immune cell biology at the molecular level.
In Part I of this thesis, I will discuss several advanced imaging techniques and microfabrication approaches that I used throughout my doctoral studies. For each technique, the fundamental principles as well as the quantitative analysis associated to them will be explained. Their specific advantages in the field of nano-immunology will be highlighted. In addition, an example of how each technique has been exploited to answer a specific biological question in the field will be given. All of the examples presented in part I correspond to publications that I co-authored during my PhD research.
In Part II, I will address the subcellular organization of the immunoreceptor MerTK in human dendritic cells (DCs). By exploiting super-resolution STED nanoscopy, we discovered that MerTK organizes in small nanoclusters on the plasma membrane of tolerogenic DCs, where MerTK is highly expressed. Moreover, we will show that even though MerTK is a membrane receptor, it is also found at very high levels in the nucleus of DCs. To place this finding in the context of immunity, we established a direct correlation between DC differentiation and the amount of MerTK found in the nucleus. We enquired the route by which MerTK translocate to the nucleus, and dissected some of the main molecular factors involved in promoting this translocation. In a first attempt to identify its nuclear function, we additionally mapped the spatial relationship between MerTK and chromatin with nanometre accuracy using super-resolution STORM nanoscopy, in single intact DCs nuclei at different stages of their differentiation. We will finally place our findings in a broader perspective and suggest future lines of investigation that may further unravel the molecular mechanism of action of MerTK in particular, and the functional role of membrane receptors in the nucleus in general.
2 citations
Dissertation•
06 Jun 2014
TL;DR: A biomimetic liposomal design targeting vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM1) and E-selectin, which are upregulated on inflamed endothelial cells (ECs), is presented, hypothesized that increased lateral antibody diffusivity may be used as a strategy to enhance liposome targeting to ECs expressing high levels of VCAM1 and Eselectin.
Abstract: Atherosclerosis is initiated by the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial surface of arteries followed by migration beneath the intima. Current therapies to combat atherosclerotic plaque, such as statins or antihypertensive drugs, treat atherosclerosis indirectly; they do not specifically target inflamed vasculature or improve the vascular condition. Few studies have focused on antibody mobility or membrane fluidity as an approach to improve drug delivery vehicle binding and uptake. Here, we present a biomimetic liposomal design targeting vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM1) and E-selectin, which are upregulated on inflamed endothelial cells (ECs). We hypothesized that increased lateral antibody diffusivity may be used as a strategy to enhance liposome targeting to ECs expressing high levels of VCAM1 and Eselectin. We first characterized the physical properties of our liposomal system, including membrane fluidity and quantification of antibody surface density, and evaluated the temporal EC expression of VCAM1 and E-selectin. We then examined the effects of membrane fluidity, antibody surface density, and incubation time on activated EC binding and uptake. Finally, we also conducted a preliminary in vivo study where we assessed the biodistribution of our liposomes.
1 citations
Cites background from "Dynamics in the plasma membrane: ho..."
...The cell membrane is not a pure fluid phase membrane; it is a mosaic with liquid ordered and disordered domains that has been shown to have constrained lateral diffusion [139]....
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References
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TL;DR: Results strongly indicate that the bivalent antibodies produce an aggregation of the surface immunoglobulin molecules in the plane of the membrane, which can occur only if the immunoglOBulin molecules are free to diffuse in the membrane.
Abstract: A fluid mosaic model is presented for the gross organization and structure of the proteins and lipids of biological membranes. The model is consistent with the restrictions imposed by thermodynamics. In this model, the proteins that are integral to the membrane are a heterogeneous set of globular molecules, each arranged in an amphipathic structure, that is, with the ionic and highly polar groups protruding from the membrane into the aqueous phase, and the nonpolar groups largely buried in the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. These globular molecules are partially embedded in a matrix of phospholipid. The bulk of the phospholipid is organized as a discontinuous, fluid bilayer, although a small fraction of the lipid may interact specifically with the membrane proteins. The fluid mosaic structure is therefore formally analogous to a two-dimensional oriented solution of integral proteins (or lipoproteins) in the viscous phospholipid bilayer solvent. Recent experiments with a wide variety of techniqes and several different membrane systems are described, all of which abet consistent with, and add much detail to, the fluid mosaic model. It therefore seems appropriate to suggest possible mechanisms for various membrane functions and membrane-mediated phenomena in the light of the model. As examples, experimentally testable mechanisms are suggested for cell surface changes in malignant transformation, and for cooperative effects exhibited in the interactions of membranes with some specific ligands. Note added in proof: Since this article was written, we have obtained electron microscopic evidence (69) that the concanavalin A binding sites on the membranes of SV40 virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts (3T3 cells) are more clustered than the sites on the membranes of normal cells, as predicted by the hypothesis represented in Fig. 7B. T-here has also appeared a study by Taylor et al. (70) showing the remarkable effects produced on lymphocytes by the addition of antibodies directed to their surface immunoglobulin molecules. The antibodies induce a redistribution and pinocytosis of these surface immunoglobulins, so that within about 30 minutes at 37 degrees C the surface immunoglobulins are completely swept out of the membrane. These effects do not occur, however, if the bivalent antibodies are replaced by their univalent Fab fragments or if the antibody experiments are carried out at 0 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C. These and related results strongly indicate that the bivalent antibodies produce an aggregation of the surface immunoglobulin molecules in the plane of the membrane, which can occur only if the immunoglobulin molecules are free to diffuse in the membrane. This aggregation then appears to trigger off the pinocytosis of the membrane components by some unknown mechanism. Such membrane transformations may be of crucial importance in the induction of an antibody response to an antigen, as well as iv other processes of cell differentiation.
7,790 citations
TL;DR: The new generations of qdots have far-reaching potential for the study of intracellular processes at the single-molecule level, high-resolution cellular imaging, long-term in vivo observation of cell trafficking, tumor targeting, and diagnostics.
Abstract: Research on fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (also known as quantum dots or qdots) has evolved over the past two decades from electronic materials science to biological applications. We review current approaches to the synthesis, solubilization, and functionalization of qdots and their applications to cell and animal biology. Recent examples of their experimental use include the observation of diffusion of individual glycine receptors in living neurons and the identification of lymph nodes in live animals by near-infrared emission during surgery. The new generations of qdots have farreaching potential for the study of intracellular processes at the single-molecule level, high-resolution cellular imaging, long-term in vivo observation of cell trafficking, tumor targeting, and diagnostics.
7,499 citations
"Dynamics in the plasma membrane: ho..." refers background in this paper
...The use of fluorescent quantum dots is emerging as a promising alternative to classical fluorescent tags (GFPs and organic fluorophores) (Michalet et al, 2005)....
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...…quantum yields, large molar extinction coefficients, size-dependent tunable emission and high photostability) make them appeal- &2006 European Molecular Biology Organization The EMBO Journal VOL 25 | NO 15 | 2006 3449 ing candidate tags for use with SDT (Dahan et al, 2003; Michalet et al, 2005)....
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TL;DR: This review looks at current methods for preparing QD bioconjugates as well as presenting an overview of applications, and concludes that the potential of QDs in biology has just begun to be realized and new avenues will arise as the ability to manipulate these materials improves.
Abstract: One of the fastest moving and most exciting interfaces of nanotechnology is the use of quantum dots (QDs) in biology. The unique optical properties of QDs make them appealing as in vivo and in vitro fluorophores in a variety of biological investigations, in which traditional fluorescent labels based on organic molecules fall short of providing long-term stability and simultaneous detection of multiple signals. The ability to make QDs water soluble and target them to specific biomolecules has led to promising applications in cellular labelling, deep-tissue imaging, assay labelling and as efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer donors. Despite recent progress, much work still needs to be done to achieve reproducible and robust surface functionalization and develop flexible bioconjugation techniques. In this review, we look at current methods for preparing QD bioconjugates as well as presenting an overview of applications. The potential of QDs in biology has just begun to be realized and new avenues will arise as our ability to manipulate these materials improves.
5,875 citations
"Dynamics in the plasma membrane: ho..." refers background in this paper
...However, there is still a need to improve the functionalization of QD surfaces, the flexibility for bioconjugations and single irreversible molecular associations between individually tracked molecules (Medintz et al, 2005)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: This book is a lucid, straightforward introduction to the concepts and techniques of statistical physics that students of biology, biochemistry, and biophysics must know.
Abstract: This book is a lucid, straightforward introduction to the concepts and techniques of statistical physics that students of biology, biochemistry, and biophysics must know. It provides a sound basis for understanding random motions of molecules, subcellular particles, or cells, or of processes that depend on such motion or are markedly affected by it. Readers do not need to understand thermodynamics in order to acquire a knowledge of the physics involved in diffusion, sedimentation, electrophoresis, chromatography, and cell motility--subjects that become lively and immediate when the author discusses them in terms of random walks of individual particles.
3,041 citations
"Dynamics in the plasma membrane: ho..." refers background in this paper
...Brownian motion is a principle that applies to all biological systems (Berg, 1983): as the result of thermal agitation processes, molecules are constantly on the move, colliding with each other and bouncing back and forth (Figure 1)....
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...…plasma membrane dynamics Brownian motion, diffusion and membrane organization Brownian motion is a principle that applies to all biological systems (Berg, 1983): as the result of thermal agitation processes, molecules are constantly on the move, colliding with each other and bouncing back and…...
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TL;DR: A unified characterization of the best available FPs provides a useful guide in narrowing down the options for biological imaging tools.
Abstract: The recent explosion in the diversity of available fluorescent proteins (FPs) promises a wide variety of new tools for biological imaging. With no unified standard for assessing these tools, however, a researcher is faced with difficult questions. Which FPs are best for general use? Which are the brightest? What additional factors determine which are best for a given experiment? Although in many cases, a trial-and-error approach may still be necessary in determining the answers to these questions, a unified characterization of the best available FPs provides a useful guide in narrowing down the options.
2,933 citations
"Dynamics in the plasma membrane: ho..." refers background in this paper
...As the cDNA encoding the GFP was characterized, a wide variety of monomeric fluorescent proteins have provided attractive potential candidates for monitoring dynamic processes in which different molecular species are simultaneously involved (for a review, see Shaner et al, 2005)....
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