Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes.
Citations
10,143 citations
Cites background from "Dynamics of a stressful encounter: ..."
...~olkman and lazarus (1980, 1985; Folkman et al., 1986 ), for example, have repeatedly emphasized that coping should be thought of as a dynamic process that shifts in nature from stage to stage of a stressful transaction....
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...~olkman and lazarus (1980, 1985; Folkman et al., 1986), for example, have repeatedly emphasized that coping should be thought of as a dynamic process that shifts in nature from stage to stage of a stressful transaction....
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...Research typically finds that responses to the Ways of Coping scale form several factors rather than just two (e.g., Aldwin, Folkman, Schaefer, Coyne, & Lazarus, 1980; Aldwin & Revenson, 1987; Coyne, Aldwin, & Lazarus, 1981; Folkman & Lazarus, 1985; Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis, & Gruen, 1986; Parkes, 1984; Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver, 1986): In general, researchers view factors other than ......
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9,782 citations
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3,082 citations
Cites background from "Dynamics of a stressful encounter: ..."
...For example, in one study we explored five major stressful encounters in the same persons, one per month over 5 months ( 44 , 45)....
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...Thus, what a person does to cope depends on the context in which the disease occurs, and this will change over time because what is attended to, and the threats themselves, also change ( 43-45 )....
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...In another study ( 44 ) subjects reported on a multiple choice scale that the stress had either been a) unresolved or made worse, b) not changed, c) resolved but not to their satisfaction, d) resolved but improved, or e) resolved to their satisfaction....
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...However, there has been little process research generalizing about strategies of coping across different kinds of stressful encounters, using a bottom-up or inductive approach, as it were, an exception being ( 44 )....
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References
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7,715 citations
"Dynamics of a stressful encounter: ..." refers background in this paper
...McCrae, 1984; Menaghan, 1982; Pearlin & Schooler, 1978; Stone & Neale, 1984), their impact tends to be evaluated without regard to their context....
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...With few exceptions (e.g., Pearlin & Schooler, 1978 ), researchers have largely bypassed the question of short-term encounter outcomes in favor of long-term outcomes such as depression and somatic health status....
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...... conviction that coping is a major factor in the relation between stressful events and adaptational outcomes such as depression, psychological symptoms, and somatic illness (e.g., Andrews, Tennant, Hewson, & Vaillant, 1978; Baum, Fleming, & Singer, 1983; Billings & Moos, 1981, 1984; Collins, Baum, & Singer, 1983; Coyne, Aldwin, & Lazarus, 1981; Felton, Revenson, & Hinrichsen, 1984; Menaghan, 1982; Mitchell, Cronkite, & ......
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5,616 citations
4,528 citations
"Dynamics of a stressful encounter: ..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...In previous studies (Aldwin et al., 1980, Folkman & Lazarus, 1985 ), we found that problem-focused forms of coping and positive reappraisal were highly correlated....
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...Based on our previous research on the relation between secondary appraisal (consisting of evaluations of coping resources, constraints, and options) and coping (Coyne et al., 1981; Folkman & Lazarus, 1980, 1985 ), we expected subjects to use more problem-focused forms of coping in encounters they appraised as changeable, and more emotion-focused forms of coping in situations where they saw few if any options for affecting the outcome....
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...These findings highlight the need for microanalyses of coping processes (e.g., Folkman & Lazarus, 1985 ) in order to observe their interplay as a stressful encounter unfolds....
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...Haan, 1977). Conceptualizations that define coping in terms of a value or outcome tend to create a tautology, whereby the coping process is confounded with the outcomes it is used to explain (see Folkman & Lazarus, 1980, 1985; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984a, 1984b)....
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...As we have pointed out ( Folkman & Lazarus, 1985 ), the problem is not that self-report is inherently more fallible than other methods of inquiry—in fact, for certain kinds of psychological processes it may be the only way to obtain certain information—but rather that it ultimately requires verification by other methods such as observation of direct behavior and physiological assessment....
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