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Journal ArticleDOI

Dysfunctional parenting as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a sample of employed Japanese adults: evidence for the ‘affectionless control’ hypothesis

01 May 1998-Psychological Medicine (Cambridge University Press)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 737-742
TL;DR: It is suggested that a combination of low care and over-protection increases a risk to lifetime depression even in a non-clinical sample; that Japanese boys are more sensitive than Japanese girls to dysfunctional parenting as regards the development of depression.
Abstract: Background. Although many case-control studies have replicated an association between dysfunctional parenting and a lifetime diagnosis of depression, few epidemiological studies have explored the association. In addition, little is known about the association in non-western countries. Methods. Using logistic regression analyses, additive and interactive contributions of parental child-rearing behaviours, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), toward the risk for having a lifetime diagnosis of major depressive disorder were explored in 418 employed Japanese adults. The diagnosis was provided by using the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, lifetime version. The analyses were conducted for male and female subjects separately. Results. Parental care rather than parental protection was primary in predicting lifetime depression in both male and female subjects. An interactive combination of low care and high protection ('affectionless control') was a significant risk factor for lifetime depression in male respondents' reporting child-rearing behaviours of both parents and female respondents' reporting paternal child-rearing behaviours. Model improvements when entering the PBI scores were larger in male subjects than in female subjects. Conclusions. The results suggested that a combination of low care and over-protection increases a risk to lifetime depression even in a non-clinical sample; that an association between dysfunctional parenting (particularly low care) and the development of depression is independent of culture; and that Japanese boys are more sensitive than Japanese girls to dysfunctional parenting as regards the development of depression.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence for the generational transmission of maternal care and the mechanisms underlying this transmission will be discussed as will the implications of this inheritance system for offspring development and for the transmission of environmental information from parents to offspring.

694 citations


Cites background from "Dysfunctional parenting as a risk f..."

  • ...In humans, ratings obtained from the PBI which indicate low scores for maternal care and high scores for overprotection, a ‘style’ referred to as ‘affectionless control’, is a risk factor for depression [78;79;80] adult antisocial personality traits [81], anxiety disorders, drug use, obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit disorders [82;83;84;85]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Empirical research on the role of individuals’ parenting and maltreatment histories as developmental antecedents for symptoms and diagnosable episodes of unipolar and bipolar spectrum disorders is reviewed.
Abstract: In this article, we review empirical research on the role of individuals’ parenting and maltreatment histories as developmental antecedents for symptoms and diagnosable episodes of unipolar and bipolar spectrum disorders. Our review is focused on the following three overarching questions: (1) Do negative parenting and a history of maltreatment contribute risk to symptoms or diagnosable episodes of unipolar and bipolar disorders? (2) Are the associations of negative parenting and maltreatment histories with bipolar disorders similar to those for unipolar depression? and (3) Are the associations between negative parenting and maltreatment histories and unipolar and bipolar symptoms or disorders mediated by cognitive vulnerability to depression? We begin by discussing the methodological requirements for demonstrating a psychosocial risk factor and the methodological issues that plague the parenting and maltreatment literatures. Next, we review the extant studies on the role of parenting histories in unipolar and bipolar disorders. We consider the specificity and possible moderators of the parenting–mood disorder relationship, as well as cognitive vulnerability to depression as a mediator of this relationship. Then, we review studies on the association of maltreatment histories with unipolar and bipolar disorders and the role of cognitive vulnerability to depression as a mediator of this association. We conclude with an assessment of the state of the parenting and maltreatment literatures in unipolar and bipolar disorder with regard to our guiding questions.

211 citations


Cites background from "Dysfunctional parenting as a risk f..."

  • ...…there is some consensus that care is more predictive for depression than is control (Burbach et al., 1989; Hall et al., 2004; Ingram et al., 2001; MacKinnon et al., 1993; Oakley- Brown et al., 1995; Parker et al., 1995; Patton et al., 2001; Rey, 1995; Rojo-Moreno et al., 1999; Sato et al., 1998)....

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  • ...…Henderson, & Andrews, 1993; Oakley-Brown, Joyce, Wells, Bushnell, & Hornblow, 1995; Parker, HadziPavlovic, Greenwald, & Weissman, 1995; Patton, Coffey, Posterino, Carlin, & Wolfe, 2001; Rey, 1995; Rojo-Moreno, Livianos-Aldana, Cervera-Martinez, & Dominguez-Carabantes, 1999; Sato et al., 1998)....

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  • ...The relationship between “affectionless control” and depression has been replicated in Spanish (Rojo-Moreno et al., 1999), Mexican (Gil-Rivas et al., 2003), Japanese (Sato et al., 1998), Taiwanese (Liu, 2003), and Chinese (Greenberger, Chen, Tally, & Dong, 2000) samples (see Tables I and II)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sensory processing sensitivity is a recently proposed construct referring to a tendency to process a variety of information more strongly and deeply than others as discussed by the authors, and it has been found that highly sensitive people may not necessarily be predisposed to negative affect, but may be more sensitive to poor parenting.

173 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Although some research has indicated that parental over-protection (especially in interaction with low care) is related to depression (Sato et al., 1998), other research has not indicated a strong relationship (Mackinnon, Henderson, & Andrews, 1993)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Co-administration of lurasidone, tandospirone, or SB269970, with PCP, to rodents, at doses 5-10 fold greater than those acutely effective to restore NOR following scNMDAR treatment, prevents the effect of scPCP to produce an enduring deficit in NOR.
Abstract: The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine (MK-801), or ketamine, given subchronically (sc) to rodents and primates, produce prolonged deficits in cognitive function, including novel object recognition (NOR), an analog of human declarative memory, one of the cognitive domains impaired in schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) have been reported to improve declarative memory in some patients with schizophrenia, as well as to ameliorate and prevent the NOR deficit in rodents following scNMDAR antagonist treatment. While the efficacy of AAPDs to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS) is limited, at best, and controversial, single doses of all currently available AAPDs so far tested transiently restore NOR in rodents following scNMDAR antagonist treatment. Typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), e.g. haloperidol and perphenazine, are ineffective in this rodent model, and may be less effective as treatments of some domains of CIS. Serotonergic mechanisms, including, but not limited to serotonin (5-HT)2A and 5-HT7 antagonism, 5-HT(1A), and GABA(A) agonism, contribute to the efficacy of the AAPDs in the scNMDAR antagonist rodent models, which are relevant to the loss of GABA interneuron/hyperglutamate hypothesis of the etiology of CIS. The ability of sub-effective doses of the atypical APDs to ameliorate NOR in the scNMDAR-treated rodents can be restored by the addition of a sub-effective dose of the 5-HT(1A) partial agonist, tandospirone, or the 5-HT7 antagonist, SB269970. The mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, which itself is unable to restore NOR in the scNMDAR-treated rodents, can also restore NOR when given with lurasidone, an AAPD. Enhancing cortical and hippocampal dopamine and acetylcholine efflux, or both, may contribute to the restoration of NOR by the atypical APDs. Importantly, co-administration of lurasidone, tandospirone, or SB269970, with PCP, to rodents, at doses 5-10 fold greater than those acutely effective to restore NOR following scNMDAR treatment, prevents the effect of scPCP to produce an enduring deficit in NOR. This difference in dosage may be relevant to utilizing AAPDs to prevent the onset of CIS in individuals at high risk for developing schizophrenia. The scNMDAR paradigm may be useful for identifying possible means to treat and prevent CIS.

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings extend previous work documenting a relationship between early life maltreatment and suboptimal parental bonding, suggesting gender-specific effects of maternal and paternal care.

99 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (OCI) and Leyton Obsessionality Inventory (LOI) were used by as discussed by the authors to assess perceived levels of parental care and overprotection.
Abstract: The view that those with obsessive compulsive disorder or obsessional personality have been exposed to overcontrolling and overcritical parenting is examined. Two measures of obsessionality (the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory and the Leyton Obsessionality Inventory) were completed by 344 nonclinical subjects. They also scored their parents on the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), a measure assessing perceived levels of parental care and overprotection, before and after controlling for levels of state depression, trait anxiety and neuroticism in the analyses. Those scoring as more obsessional returned higher PBI protection scale scores. Links with PBI care scale scores were less clear, essentially restricted to the Maudsley Inventory, and variably influenced by controlling other variables.

3,197 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument), patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group.
Abstract: Using a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument) patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group, and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group as well. Bipolar manic-depressive patients scored like controls whereas neurotic depressives reported less parental care and greater maternal overprotection. Depressive experience in the non-clinical group was negatively associated with low parental care and weakly associated with parental overprotection.

524 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The provision of parenting is influenced by attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics, which are influenced by temperamental traits of the offspring that are under partial genetic control.
Abstract: Objective : To understand the relation between parenting and later psychopathology, it is important to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in both the elicitation and the provision of parenting behavior. Method : A 16-item version of the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to 1) 606 fathers and 848 mothers of an epidemiologic sample of adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on their parenting of their twins ; 2) the twins (both members of 546 monozygotic and 390 dizygotic pairs), who reported on the parenting they had received from their father and mother ; 3) co-twins from these pairs, who reported on the parenting provided by their father and mother to their twin sister ; and 4) members of the adult twin pairs (145 monozygotic and 117 dizygotic) who both had children, who reported on the parenting they provided to their offspring. The data were subjected to model fitting decomposing three sources of variance : additive genetic factors ; family, or common, environment ; and an individual's unique environment. Results : Responses to the Parental Bonding Instrument produced three factors : parental warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. According to parents, these factors were largely a common environmental experience for their children. Responses from twins, however, indicated that genetic factors played a substantial role in the elicitation of warmth from parents and a more modest role in influencing parental protectiveness and authoritarianism. While reports of twins and co-twins on protectiveness and authoritarianism yielded similar results, analysis of responses from co-twins indicated a degree of importance of genetic factors in eliciting parental warmth which was midway between that from parents' reports and twins' reports. Answers from twins as parents indicated that provision of warmth was substantially heritable, while resemblance between twins in providing protectiveness and authoritarianism was due to family environment. Conclusions: The provision of parenting is influenced by attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics. The elicitation of parenting is influenced by temperamental traits of the offspring that are, in turn, under partial genetic control. Genetic factors in both parent and child are more important for warmth than for protectiveness or authoritarianism.

315 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The lifetime version of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDDL) is a 22‐item self‐report scale designed to diagnose a lifetime history of DSM‐III major depressive disorder (MDD).
Abstract: The lifetime version of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDDL) is a 22-item self-report scale designed to diagnose a lifetime history of DSM-III major depressive disorder (MDD). One hundred and sixty-four first-degree relatives of healthy control probands completed the IDDL and were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The IDDL had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), split-half reliability (Spearman-Brown coefficient = 0.90), and all of the item total correlations were significant. The lifetime prevalence of MDD was nonsignificantly higher in the IDDL than the DIS (14.8% vs. 11.7%). Using the DIS as the criterion measure, the sensitivity of the IDDL was 74% and its specificity was 93% and the chance corrected agreement between the two measures was kappa = 0.60.

174 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A community study to redressing any such artefact emerging from a patient sample and quantify the relevance of low parental care to depression in comparison to several other risk factors.

146 citations